Perception and Cognitive Style 感知和认知风格 We can consider in the first instance the matter of perception. As we have already observed, the paranoid construction is largely a matter of interpretation of input data. We might ask ourselves to what extent this process operates on the perceptual level. We know, first of all, that the paranoid disorder is not specifically a disorder of sensory physiology. In fact the available evidence suggests the opposite—that paranoid sensory functions are as acute, if not more acute, than normal. Silverman's (1964) study of perceptual control of stimulus intensities in matched groups of schizophrenic patients showed that, while nonparanoid schizophrenics showed a marked reduction in kinesthetic figural aftereffects, the paranoid group showed no such pattern. The small degree of perceptual modulation in the interests of defense was minimal, and consequently that the perceptual process was relatively intact. 我们可以首先考虑感知的问题。正如我们已经观察到的，偏执建构在很大程度上是对输入数据的解释。我们可能会问自己，这个过程在感知层面的作用有多大。我们知道，首先，偏执型障碍并不是一种特殊的感觉生理学障碍。事实上，现有的证据表明恰恰相反——偏执感觉功能跟正常的一样，如果不是更敏锐的话。西尔弗曼(1964)对匹配组的精神分裂症患者刺激强度的感知控制研究表明，当非偏执症精神分裂症患者表现出动觉图形后效[可百度“动觉后效”]显著减少时，偏执症组没有表现出这种模式。出于防御目的而进行的小程度的感知调节是最小的，因此感知过程是相对完整的。 In this connection also Witkin (1954) has noted that paranoid patients have a predominantly articulated cognitive style, as opposed to a more undifferentiated global cognitive style. When patients who possess a relatively articulated cognitive style which is highly differentiated begin to break down, they tend to show delusions, expansive and euphoric ideas of grandeur, externally directed aggression, intellectualization and a continuing struggle for identity maintenance. Witkin goes on to say: 在这方面，Witkin(1954)也注意到偏执患者有一个明确的认知风格，而不是一个更未分化的整体认知风格。当拥有相对清晰的、高度分化的认知方式的患者开始崩溃时，他们往往会表现出妄想、宏大的、欣快的想法、外部导向的攻击、知性化以及持续的身份维护斗争。Witkin接着说: ... in patients in whom paranoid reactions are central in the symptom picture ..., an articulated cognitive style is frequently found. Projection, a characteristic defense of the paranoid, is quite specialized, in comparison to such generalized tension-reducing techniques as eating and drinking. The paranoid projects his own system of ideas upon the world, and does so in a highly selective fashion—particular people, particular situations may be especially implicated. Such selectivity requires that experience of the world be articulated. In this connection, the paranoid is noted for his detailed, articulated system of ideas. As an attempt at a preservation of the self, projection contrasts with the alcoholic's preferred way of dealing with stress, which in extreme cases results in the dissolution of the self in drink. The use of projection as a device for self-preservation, however bizarre, presupposes a self that has achieved some degree of differentiation (1965, pp. 395-396). …在那些偏执反应在症状中居于中心地位的病人中…，一种清晰的认知风格经常被发现。投射，偏执患者的一种典型防御，与吃、喝这些普遍的缓解紧张的技巧相比，是相当专业化的。偏执患者将他自己的思想体系投射到这个世界上，并以一种高度选择性的方式这样做——可能特别涉及到特定的人，特定的情况。这种选择性要求对世界的经验是清晰的。在这方面，偏执症以其详细而清晰的思想体系而闻名。作为一种保存自体的尝试，投射与酗酒者处理压力的首选方式形成对比，在极端情况下，后者的方式会导致自体在饮酒中消失。使用投射作为自体保护的手段，无论多么怪异，都预先假定了一个自体已经达到某种程度的分化(1965，第395-396页)。 If the paranoid perceptual experience is in fact a sensorially intact and articulated experience, it is nonetheless an experience that is significantly distorted by the interpretation imposed from within. It is at this level that the paranoid construction begins to have effect. It is only in fact in recent years that we have become increasingly aware of the influence of motivational factors on perceptual experience (Klein, 1970). Related to this of course, is the whole concept of cognitive controls and cognitive styles. In commenting on the study of the clusters of cognitive attitudes, Klein remarks that in the 1959 study, which he and others conducted dealing with cognitive controls, they observed certain clusters of scanning behavior: 如果偏执的感知体验实际上是一种感官上完整和清晰的体验，尽管如此，它仍然是一种被内在强加的解释严重扭曲的体验。正是在这个层面上，偏执建构开始发挥作用。事实上，只是在最近几年，我们才越来越意识到动机因素对感知体验的影响(Klein, 1970)。当然，与此相关的是 认知控制和认知风格的整个概念。Klein在1959年的研究中，对认知态度聚类的研究进行了评论，他和其他人进行了关于认知控制的研究，他们观察到了某些扫描行为聚类: [后边会对“扫描”进行解释] In one of these clusters, scanning appeared with sharpening, narrow equivalence range in categorizing, and constricted response to ambiguity. A distinctive cognitive style characterized the scanning subjects in the attitudinal context. The dominant impression that this group gave was of intense control and inhibition, with very pronounced intellectualizing tendencies and pervasive experiences of ambivalence, mistrust, and expectations of being hurt. They regarded the world as a source of malevolence and danger and were generally pessimistic about the present and the future. They seemed preoccupied with issues of mastery, and they were intensely self-absorbed (for example, they made an unusually large number of references to body parts on the Rorschach). They felt guilty and dissatisfied with their achievements, and their contacts with objects and people were darkened by aggression. At the same time, they were intensely absorbed in the rejecting and threatening world of people and things (1970, p. 227). 在这些聚类之一中，扫描表现出锐化，分类的等价范围狭窄以及对歧义的响应受限[这句我也看不太懂，不过不影响后边]。在态度语境下的扫描主体具有一种独特的认知风格。这一组给人的主要印象是强烈的控制和抑制，具有非常明显的理智化倾向，普遍存在的矛盾心理、不信任和被伤害的期望。他们认为世界是邪恶和危险的根源，对现在和未来普遍持悲观态度。他们似乎全神贯注于统治权的问题，并且极度只关心自己(例如，他们在罗夏墨迹测验中大量引用了身体部位)。他们对自己的成就感到内疚和不满，他们与客体和人的联系因攻击而变得黑暗。与此同时，他们又极度沉迷于充满拒绝和威胁的人和事的世界(1970，第227页)。 Scanning in this context refers specifically to the broad and intensive deployment of attention to the environment, so that the scanner becomes acutely aware of the background qualities of a stimulus field, and a rather indiscriminate peripheral sensitivity that makes many aspects of the field available to conscious recall. It is this cognitive attitude which seems to be closely aligned with what Shapiro (1965) has referred to as "rigid intentionality." The cognitive description which Klein gives of the particular group of scanning subjects comes very close to a cognitive description of paranoid pathology. 在这种情况下，扫描指的是对环境的广泛而密集的注意力部署，这样扫描者就能敏锐地意识到刺激场的背景质量，以及一种不加区分的周边敏感度，这使得该场的许多方面都能被有意识地回忆起来。这种认知态度似乎与夏皮罗(1965)所称的“刚性意向性”紧密一致。Klein对这组扫描被试者的认知描述非常接近于对偏执病理的认知描述。 We can conclude, then, that the influence of the paranoid construction may extend beyond the mere question of the interpretation of sensory input data as a matter of content analysis. It seems in addition that one must take into account the influence of the paranoid construction on the formalities of cognitive style and the implementation of cognitive controls. 因此，我们可以得出结论，偏执建构的影响可能超出仅仅将感官输入数据解释为内容分析的问题。此外，人们似乎还必须考虑偏执建构对 认知风格的形式 和 认知控制的实施 的影响。