Perceptual Readiness 感知准备 Then, of course, related to the whole question of capacity to form object representations, is the whole question of reality testing. Consequently, while it is reasonable to say that the paranoid construction operates on an interpretative level, the specifics of what this means and its implications for various related processes, as well as an understanding of how these processes reciprocally interact and influence each other in the complexities of cognitive awareness, remains a task for further study. What is useful in all this for our present argument, however, is that perceptual processes are in no sense immune from the influence of inner dynamic configurations and that the integration of external input with inner configurations of force and meaning cannot take place without a cognitive construction which gives them shape and meaning and relevance. It is in this aspect of the process that the paranoid construction becomes relevant. 当然，与形成客体表征能力相关的，是现实检验。因此，虽然说偏执建构运作在解释层次上，但 这意味着什么的细节 及其 对各种相关过程的影响，以及理解 这些过程如何在复杂的认知意识中 互惠地互动和相互影响，对进一步的研究仍然是一个的任务。然而，对于我们当前的论点而言，所有这一切有用的是，感知过程 在任何意义上都无法不受 内部动态配置的影响，并且如果没有 赋予他们形状、意义和相关性 的认知建构，就无法将外部输入 与 力量和意义的内部配置 进行整合。偏执建构正是在过程的这一方面变得有意义。 This view of perceptual processes was given definitive shape by Bruner in his classic article on perceptual readiness (1957). As Bruner views the perceptual process, it depends upon the construction of a set of organized categories in terms of which stimulus inputs can be sorted, given identity, and given a more elaborate connotative meaning. The categories are formed in such a way as to allow for the inference of object identity on the basis of a selection of cues or "clues." Identity in this perceptual context, then, represents the range of inferences having to do with properties, uses, and consequences of objects which are predictable on the basis of specific criterial clues. Perceptual readiness, therefore, has to do with the relative accessibility of these categories to afferent stimulus input. If a category is relatively accessible, the stimulus input, which would be required for sorting the stimuli in terms of the category, is much less. Category accessibility can be determined by the probability of occurrence of events, usually in redundant sequences which have been learned in the course of experience, and by the internal requirements of environmental search which may be demanded by need states or by the need to carry out habitual activities. 这种 感知过程 的观点是由Bruner在他的关于 感知准备 的经典文章(1957)中给出的。布鲁纳认为感知过程取决于一系列有组织的类别的建构，根据这些类别，刺激输入可以被分类，被赋予身份，被赋予更详细的内涵意义。这些类别的形成是为了在 选择线索或“线索” 的基础上 对客体的身份 进行推断。因此，在这种感知环境中，身份代表了与客体的 属性、使用和结果有关的推论范围，这些客体 基于特定的标准线索 是可预测的。因此，感知准备程度 与这些类别对传入刺激输入的 相对可达性有关。如果一个类别是相对容易获得的，那么根据类别 对刺激物进行分类 所需要的刺激输入 就会少得多。类别的可达性 可以由 通常是在经验过程中习得的冗余序列中事件发生的概率 决定，也可以由 需要状态 或 进行习惯性活动的需要 所要求 的环境搜索 的内在要求来决定。 In paranoid states, analogizing Bruner's description of perceptual readiness to the paranoid construction as we have described it, the accessibility of the category can be determined either by the adaptability of external input to the requirements of the category, as a result of the configuration of stimulus clues or as a result of selected patterns of attention and denial motivated by inner need states. Or on the other hand, accessibility can be dictated from the internal side by the intensity of need states to fit input data into the category format. The interaction can be seen as well in terms of Piaget's concepts of accommodation and assimilation. The fit of the paranoid construction with external sensory input can be accomplished either by accommodation of the data to the category, or conversely by an assimilation of the category to fit the data. In reality, both processes take place simultaneously in complex interaction. 在偏执状态下(类比 布鲁纳对知觉准备的描述 对于 我们所描述的偏执建构)，类别的可达性 既可以由外部输入对类别要求的适应性决定，也可以由刺激线索的配置决定，也可以由内部需求状态 所激发的注意和否认 的选择模式决定。或者另一方面，可达性可以由 将输入数据放入类别格式 的需求状态 的强度 的内部方面决定。这种互动也可以从皮亚杰的适应和同化概念中看到。偏执建构 与 外部感官输入的契合 可以通过 对数据到类别 的调整 来实现，或者相反地，通过 同化类别来匹配数据 来实现。实际上，这两个过程在复杂的互动中同时发生。 Bruner goes on to observe that the failure to achieve a state of perceptual readiness, which is attuned to the probabilities of external events, can be dealt with either by relearning categories and expectancies, or by a constant close inspection of events and objects. This former alternative is relatively less available to the pathological paranoid individual, but the latter alternative is one which he must put to use. This has the decided disadvantage of losing the advantage of a real perceptual readiness—in the sense of a preadapted set of categories which permit adequate adjustment to hanging patterns of stimulus input—and, in consequence, the paranoid is caught under the pressure of continual stimulus input to adopt a stance of hypervigilance, hyperattentiveness, and continual suspiciousness and guardedness. 布鲁纳继续观察到，未能达到 与外部事件的可能性相协调的 感知准备状态 这种失败，可以通过 重新学习 类别和预期，或者通过 对事件和客体的持续密切观察 来处理。前一种选择对病态偏执的个体来说相对不可用，但后一种选择是他必须使用的。这有一个明显的缺点，即失去了真正 感知准备 的优势——感知准备是一套预先适应的类别，允许对刺激输入的悬挂模式进行充分调整——因此，偏执者被困在持续的刺激输入的压力下，采取了一种高度警觉、高度专注、持续怀疑和警惕的姿态。