Dynamics of Shame 羞耻的动力学 Levin has referred to two levels of shame. The first and deeper level is that of primary shame, which attaches to thoughts, feelings, and impulses which in consequence tend to be inhibited or suppressed. On a more superficial level, secondary shame is experienced as a response to the primary shame affect. The patient is in a sense ashamed of shame. On the secondary level, however, there may be efforts to conceal shame and its related inhibitions. Individuals may be led to conform with peer group expectations as a result of secondary shame. Thus students may indulge in sexual activity or take drugs as a way of avoiding the criticism or ridicule of fellow students. The avoidance of such shaming attitudes of others may be unconsciously motivated by previous shaming experiences on an infantile level. Moreover, the lack of shame is regarded in many subcultural settings as a sign of strength or capacity, so that concealment of such shame responses becomes a necessity. This process may at times take the form of counterphobic maneuvers or attempts at excessive exposure to shame-inducing experiences. 莱文提到了两个层次的羞耻。第一个，也是更深层次是初级羞耻，它依附于思想、感情和冲动，其结果是趋向于被抑制或压抑。在一个更表面的层面上，继发性羞耻是对初级羞耻情感的反应。病人因为羞耻而羞耻。然而，在第二层次上，人们可能会努力掩盖羞耻及其相关的抑制。作为继发性羞耻的结果，个体可能会被引导符合同伴群体的期望。因此，学生可能沉迷于性活动或吸毒，以避免同学的批评或嘲笑。对他人的这种羞辱态度的回避可能是由婴儿时期的羞辱经历无意识激发的。此外，在许多亚文化环境中，缺乏羞耻被认为是力量或能力的标志，因此，隐藏这种羞耻反应成为一种必要。这一过程有时可能采取反恐惧策略或试图过度暴露于令人羞愧的经历中。 It has been observed that shame and guilt are often associated in the patient's experience. Piers and Singer (1953) refer to such complex reactions as "guilt-shame cycles." Shame is related to the frustration of narcissistic aspirations, but depends for the most part on the perception of such failure on the part of others. Such attitudes can be internalized, but often the experience of shame still requires the external exposure. The intense experience of shame can lead to the disturbance of the libidinal economy so that diffusion ensues and destructive energies are thus deneutralized and may be channeled via the superego against the self. When this happens it is experienced by the subject as guilt. In such cases, the narcissistic defense takes the introjective route and gives rise to a depressive position. However, the deneutralized energy can also be directed exteriorly in the form of a blaming response. This is more typically associated with projected elements and is more characteristic of a paranoid response. The blaming operation has the advantage of helping to support and restore narcissistic equilibrium. The depressive alternative is less satisfactory in this regard. 据观察，羞耻和内疚常常与病人的经历有关。Piers和Singer(1953)将这种复杂的反应称为“内疚-羞耻循环”。羞耻与自恋渴望的挫败感有关，但在很大程度上取决于其他人对这种失败的看法。这种态度可以被内化，但通常羞耻的经历仍然需要外部的暴露。强烈的羞耻感会导致力比多经济的紊乱，因此扩散发生，破坏性能量被去中性化，并可能通过超我的引导来对抗自我。当这种情况发生时，主体会感到内疚。在这种情况下，自恋防御采取了内摄的路线，并导致抑郁的立场。然而，去中性化的能量也可以以责备反应的形式被引导到外部。这更典型地与投射元素相关联，并且更具有偏执反应的特征。责备运作的好处是有助于支持和恢复自恋的平衡。在这方面，抑郁的选择不太令人满意。 The presumption on which much of the discussion of shame rests, namely, that the affect of shame is related to the tension between ego and ego-ideal and reflects a failure on the part of the ego to live up to ego-ideal aspirations, has been challenged in passing by Kohut (1971). He agrees that shame signals do play a role in restoring and maintaining homeostatic narcissistic equilibrium. But he rejects the notion that shame is a reaction of the ego to failure in fulfilling ego-ideal expectations. He observes that many shame-prone individuals do not have strong ideals, but that for the most part they are exhibitionistic people driven by ambition. The economic imbalance which is experienced as shame is rather due to a flooding of the ego by unneutralized exhibitionism rather than to a comparative ego-weakness in relationship to the ego-ideal. 许多关于羞耻的讨论所基于的假设，即羞耻的情感与自我和理想自我之间的紧张关系有关，反映了自我未能实现理想自我的愿望，这一假设在Kohut(1971)的著作中遭到了挑战。他同意羞耻信号确实在恢复和维持自我平衡的自恋平衡中起作用。但他不认为羞耻是自我在实现理想自我的期望失败后的反应。他注意到，许多有羞耻感的人没有强烈的理想，但在很大程度上，他们是受野心驱使的爱出风头的人。经济上的不平衡被认为是一种耻辱，这是由于自我意识被未被中和的自我表现欲所淹没，而不是由于相对于理想自我的自我弱点。 Narcissistic defeats for such individuals are experienced as shame, but then, more often than not, the experience of shame is followed by envy. This combined state of shame and envy may be followed by self-destructive impulses and a feeling of guilt. But Kohut understands these not as superego attacks, but as attempts by the ego to do away with the disappointing reality of failure. Self-destructive impulses are an expression of narcissistic rage. Kohut cautions in this connection that the attempt to deal with shame-prone patients therapeutically by diminishing the power of the ideal system is frequently a technical error, but that success is more frequently founded on the basis of a shift in narcissism from investment in the grandiose self to the ego-ideal system. His approach is based on the strengthening of the ego-ideal rather than on attempting to diminish it. 对这样的人来说，自恋的失败是一种耻辱，但随之而来的往往是嫉妒。这种羞耻和嫉妒的结合状态可能会伴随着自我毁灭的冲动和负罪感。但科胡特并不把这些理解为超我的攻击，而是自我试图摆脱令人失望的失败现实。自我毁灭的冲动表达了自恋愤怒。科胡特在这种联系中警告说，治疗上通过通过减少理想系统的力量来处理容易羞耻的病人，通常是一个技术错误，但是，把自恋从夸大自体的投资，转换为理想自我系统，更容易取得成功。他的方法是基于加强理想自我，而不是试图削弱它。 It must be confessed that the resolution and integration of the patient's shame experience can provide one of the stickiest and most difficult areas in the therapy of patients with paranoid elements. The cases, which may be regarded as therapeutically least successful in our series of patients, are those in which there was a central shame-enshrined core which the patient was either unable to share with the therapist or in which the therapy had not progressed to the point where the intensity of the shame had been mitigated to any significant degree. In the case of Gloria, the intensity in the area of shame seemed to cover a wide area of her inner experience of herself. 必须承认的是，在治疗带有偏执元素的患者时，解决和整合患者的羞耻感经验是最棘手和最困难的。在我们的一系列病人中，那些可能被视为治疗至少成功了的案例，都有一个处于中心的，羞耻被保护起来的内核，这个内核病人无法与治疗师分享，或者治疗还没有进展到那种地步，也就是羞愧的强度已经被大大地减轻。在格洛丽亚的例子中，羞耻的强度似乎覆盖了她内心经历的大部分。