Shame as Signal Affect 作为信号情感的羞耻 In following Freud's suggestion that shame, along with disgust, was one of the important inhibitory forces opposing the excessive expression of the sexual instinct, Levin (1967) has suggested that shame can function as a signal affect. Thus it has the important function of preventing overexposure to trauma—in Levin's terms the trauma of rejection. However, in terms of the present discussion, shame serves as a protection from narcissistic trauma. Shame is effective in controlling the degree of self-exposure as well as the direction of such exposure, in order that one is not needlessly subjected to the possibilities of trauma. Trauma can take the shape of ridicule, scorn, abandonment, rejection, etc.(Rochlin,1961; Spiegel,1966). It thus stands in opposition to the wished-for acceptance or respect which is a component of self-esteem. 根据弗洛伊德的观点，羞耻和厌恶是反对性本能过度表达的重要抑制力量之一，Levin(1967)认为羞耻可以作为一种信号情感。因此，它具有防止过度暴露于创伤的重要功能——用莱文的话说，就是拒绝的创伤。然而，就目前的讨论而言，羞耻可以保护人们免受自恋创伤。羞耻在控制自我暴露的程度和这种暴露的方向方面是有效的，这样一个人就不会遭受不必要的创伤。创伤可以表现为嘲笑、蔑视、遗弃、拒绝等(Rochlin,1961; Spiegel,1966)。因此，它与期望的接受，或尊重(这是自尊的一种重要成分)是对立的。 Shame is thus the signal affect for feelings of humiliation, inferiority, or narcissistic mortification. It can easily be seen that shame can function quite directly in relation to the projective economy, since the self-exposure involved in shame must involve a perception of others perceiving the self as a failure, or as regarding him with some form of devaluation or contempt. In a derivative sense as well, it serves as a painful affect which can in a secondary way serve to stimulate signal anxiety, which arouses the ego to defend against the shame affect by repression or other defensive maneuvers. 因此，羞耻感是羞辱感、自卑感或自恋屈辱感的信号情感。很容易看出，羞耻可以直接作用于投射经济，因为涉及羞耻的自我暴露必然涉及到一种感知，即他人认为自己是失败者，或以某种贬低或轻蔑的方式看待他。从衍生的意义上说，它也是一种痛苦的情感，它可以以一种次要的方式刺激信号焦虑，这种焦虑会唤起自我，通过压抑或其他防御性的动作来抵御羞耻感。