Aggression and Narcissism 攻击性和自恋 The problem of aggression in the paranoid process is not simply a problem of the expression of aggressive instincts. Rather it is a question of aggression which is rooted in and derived from the basic vicissitudes of narcissism. We have already discussed the vicissitudes of narcissism and particularly what Rochlin calls the "tyranny of narcissism"(1973). The question is not so much one of how is it that paranoid content is overloaded with aggressive and destructive elements, but more specifically the question is what is it that makes the individuals concerned feel so vulnerable and fragile and humiliated. It is in this shameful sense of humiliation that the roots of paranoid aggression and violence must be identified. 偏执过程中的攻击性问题并不是简单的攻击本能的表达问题。相反，它是一个植根并源于基础的自恋变迁的攻击问题。我们已经讨论过自恋的变迁，特别是罗克林所说的 "自恋的暴政"(1973)。问题不在于偏执的内容为什么会有过多的攻击性和破坏性元素，而问题更具体地是，是什么让相关个体感到如此脆弱不堪和屈辱。正是在这种可耻的羞辱感中，必须识别出偏执的攻击性和暴力的根源。 As we have seen, narcissism is closely linked with the necessity of preserving a sense of the self. When self-esteem is injured, narcissism is injured and the result is experienced as a sense of humiliation or shame. The sense of self is always precarious, always in jeopardy, always at risk of being diminished and damaged. The birth of a sibling, a parental disapproval or the withdrawal of parental affection, an illness, a disappointment, an impairment of sphincters are all experiences which put the sense of self at risk. The sense of self is also in jeopardy whenever the reach exceeds the grasp, or whenever ungovernable chance and forces beyond our control direct the course of events. In the fact of such devaluations and assaults on self-esteem, self-esteem must be restored and salvaged. It is at this point that aggression enters the scene. Its role may be destructive and revengeful—or it may be employed in the interests of creative efforts (Rochlin, 1973). 正如我们所看到的，自恋与维护自体感的必要性密切相关。当自尊受到伤害时，自恋就会受到伤害，其结果就是体验到一种屈辱感或羞耻感。自体感总是不稳定的，总是处于危险之中，总是有被削弱和损害的危险。兄弟姐妹的出生、父母的不认可或父母感情的撤回、疾病、失望、括约肌的损伤等都是使自体感处于危险之中的经历。每当触及超过把握的时候，或者每当无法控制的偶然性和我们无法控制的力量指挥事件的发展时，自体意识也就处于危险之中。在这种贬低和攻击自尊的事实中，必须恢复和挽救自尊。就在这时，攻击性进入了现场。它的作用可能是破坏性的和报复性的，也可能是为了创造性的努力而使用（Rochlin，1973年）。 But the vicissitudes of narcissism and aggression do not display themselves only within the confines of the individual psyche. As Kohut (1973) has pointed out, some of the most dreadful and destructive displays of aggression in the history of modern civilization have been based on the proclamation that their destructive deeds were performed in the service of nature. The Nazi rationale for extermination was based on a vulgar Darwinism which proclaimed the inherent right of the stronger to destroy the weak in the interests of the preservation of the purity of the race. But the horror of the Nazi phenomenon cannot simply be regarded as a disgusting regression to sadistic barbarism. It was an expression of a basically human process, an integral part of the human condition, "a strand in the web of the complex pattern which makes up the human situation." Kohut writes with telling accuracy: 但是，自恋和攻击的变迁并不仅仅表现在个体心理的范围内。正如Kohut(1973年)所指出的那样，现代文明史上一些最可怕和最具破坏性的攻击行为都是基于宣称其破坏性行为是为了服务于自然。纳粹灭绝的理由是基于一种庸俗的达尔文主义，它宣称强者有固有的权利消灭弱者，以维护种族的纯洁性。但是，纳粹现象的恐怖不能简单地被视为向虐待性野蛮主义的令人厌恶的退行。它是一个基本的人类过程的表现，是人类状况的一个组成部分，"是构成人类状况的复杂模式之网中的一缕"。科胡特写得很准确。 Human aggression is most dangerous when it is attached to the two great absolutarian psychological constellations: the grandiose self and the archaic omnipotent object. And the most gruesome human destructiveness is encountered not in the form of wild, regressive, and primitive behavior, but in the form of orderly and organized activities in which the perpetrators destructiveness is alloyed with absolutarian convictions about their greatness and with their devotion to archaic omnipotent figures (1973, p. 378). 当人类的攻击性附着在两大绝对主义的心理丛上时，是最危险的：宏大的自体和古老的全能客体。最可怕的人类破坏性不是以野蛮、退行和原始行为的形式出现，而是以有秩序和有组织的活动的形式出现，在这些活动中，加害者的破坏性 与 对自己伟大的绝对主义信念和对古老的全能形象的献身 相结合（1973年，第378页）。 Unquestionably the vicissitudes of narcissism during the course of development are complex, but almost unavoidably they are tied up with the narcissism of the parent. In addition to innate determinants, the specific interplay between child and the parental figures, in the beginning, the mother, either furthers or hinders the development of a cohesive self and the formation of idealized psychic structures. In varying degrees and in shifting patterns, the parents relate at times to the child with a narcissistic attitude that sees a child as an extension of their own highly libidinal cathected selves. But at other times they respond to the child as somehow independent and are consequently able to invest him with object-libido. 毫无疑问，自恋在发展过程中的变迁是复杂的，但几乎不可避免地与父母的自恋联系在一起。除了先天性的决定因素外，儿童与父母形象(一开始是母亲)之间的具体相互作用，或促进 或阻碍了 内聚性自体的发展和理想化心理结构的形成。在不同的程度和变化的模式中，父母有时以一种自恋的态度与孩子交往，把孩子看成是自己力比多高度精神投入的自体的延伸。但在另一些时候，他们对孩子的反应是某种程度上的独立，因此能够给他注入客体力比多。 The child may find itself as having to accede to the narcissistic wishes of the parent, thus arresting and disturbing the process of narcissistic gratification. Such a child needs desperately to please, so that libidinal ties are intensified in the interests of protecting against the underlying rage. The combined need to please and to possess the parent plays a decisive role in the organization of introjects. This is particularly true in relationship to the mother. As Rochlin comments: 儿童可能会发现自己不得不顺从父母的自恋愿望，从而阻止和干扰了自恋的满足过程。这样的孩子极度需要取悦，因此为了保护自己不受潜在的暴怒影响，力比多的联系就会加强。取悦父母和占有父母的综合需要，在内摄物的组织中起着决定性的作用。在与母亲的关系中尤其如此。正如罗克林所评论的： But when she (the mother) is herself too childishly self-serving, a serious conflict arises in the child. The child's own narcissism is opposed by the mother's: the child adopts (through identification) the mother's attitude. It means to become as narcissistic as she. And also as intolerant of it in others as she. The internal or unconscious struggle in the child is the conflict between self-concern coupled with aggression to assert it, and the strong self-condemnation of it (1973, p. 47). 但当她（母亲）自己过于幼稚地自我服务时，孩子身上就会产生严重的冲突。孩子自己的自恋与母亲的自恋相对立：孩子采用（通过认同）母亲的态度。这意味着要变得和她一样自恋。也像她一样不能容忍别人的这种行为。儿童的内部或无意识的斗争是 自我关注加上用以维护它的攻击性 与 强烈的自我谴责 之间的冲突（1973，第47页）。 The constellation is frequently enough at the root of clinical depressions since the child's aggression cannot be directed against the maternal object, for to do so would be to destroy the object that is loved and desperately needed. The likely outcome is the turning inward of aggression against the self and the resulting depressive constellation. 这个状态往往足以成为临床抑郁的根源，因为孩子的攻击行为不能针对母性客体，因为这样做就等于破坏了所爱和急需的客体。可能的结果是攻击性向内转向以自体为目标，并由此产生抑郁状态。 A particularly crucial area in which narcissism is put at risk is in working through the Oedipal situation. Without question the Oedipal involvements on both sides are a dangerous and risky undertaking, whose outcome inevitably is the failure and humiliation of the child. As we have seen with all of our patients the Oedipal involvements are intense and pathologically distorted. The Oedipal outcome in all of these cases was pathological. Rather than a resolution of the Oedipal difficulties, these patients experience the emergence from the Oedipal situation as a defeat (Rochlin, 1973). The result was to provide them with a defective sense of self. 自恋面临风险的一个特别关键的领域是在处理俄狄浦斯情境的过程中。毋庸置疑，双方的俄狄浦斯关系是一项危险的、有风险的工作，其结果必然是孩子的失败和羞辱。正如我们在所有的病人身上看到的那样，俄狄浦斯关系是强烈的、病态地扭曲的。所有这些病例中的俄狄浦斯结果都是病态的。这些病人不是解决了俄狄浦斯困难，而是把从俄狄浦斯情境中走出来体验为一种失败(Rochlin, 1973)。其结果是为他们提供了一种有缺陷的自体感。 This whole topic is closely related to the sense of inferiority that children feel about the size of their genitals. The little boy feels inferior when he compares his small genital with that of his father, and the little girl feels inadequacy by reason of lack of such a visible organ. Sensitivity about genitals reaches its peak during the phallic-Oedipal phase so that, in Kohut's terms (1973), the genital region during this phase becomes the leading zone of the child's narcissism. The intense narcissistic cathexis of the genitals, along with the relatively unneutralized exhibitionist component of the infantile narcissism, provides the substratum for the significance of penis envy. Thus the sense of genital shame is closely related to whatever it is that the child has to show in the service of his exhibitionistic wish. It is thus of small consolation to the little boy that his penis will grow, and of even less consolation to a little girl to know that she carries within her the invisible machinery for making babies. We can remember particularly here the pervasive notion in young Jimmy's mind that he was forever doomed to be an inferior, small, weak child without any room in his fantasy for the possibility of growth to some more mature and adult level of capacity and potentiality. 这整个话题与儿童对自己生殖器大小的自卑感密切相关。当小男孩把自己的小生殖器与父亲的小生殖器相比较时，他感到自卑，而小女孩则因为没有这样一个明显的器官而感到不足。对生殖器的敏感度在阳具-俄狄浦斯期达到顶峰，因此，用Kohut(1973)的说法，这个阶段的生殖器区域成为儿童自恋的主导区。生殖器的强烈自恋精神投入，以及婴儿自恋中相对未中和的显摆元素，为阴茎嫉妒的意义提供了基质。因此，生殖器羞耻感与儿童为了服务于他的显摆愿望而不得不展示的东西密切相关。因此，对于小男孩来说，他的阴茎会长大，这是个小小的安慰，而对于小女孩来说，知道自己体内有制造婴儿的无形机器，就更没有安慰了。在这里，我们可以特别记得小吉米头脑中普遍存在的观念，即他注定永远是一个劣等、渺小、软弱的孩子，在他的幻想中，没有任何空间让他有可能成长到某种更成熟、更成人的能力和潜力水平。 When our wishes are denied or blocked, or if we are deprived of that which we have set ourselves to possess, the narcissistic demand by no means abates or diminishes. On the contrary, it persists stubbornly and engages our aggressive drive in its service. Narcissism demands that when reality places impediments or limitations in our path, we identify our efforts to defeat and overcome them. In the face of all the pressures and forces which propel the child toward growing up, he tends to cling to his primary wishes and resists any attempt to force him to resign these. But he is an unwilling subject. His feeble powers can do little against the forces opposed to him. He is inevitably deprived of the gratification he demands, and he is left frustrated and threatened. These are all powerful blows to the developing sense of self-esteem. Aggression is thus mobilized in the interest of protecting his precarious sense of self. It is at this stage that nightmares and phobic reactions are so frequently observed. 当我们的愿望被拒绝或阻挠，或者如果我们被剥夺了我们为自己设定要拥有的东西，自恋的要求绝不是减弱或减少。相反，它顽固地坚持着，并让我们的攻击驱力为它服务。自恋要求 当现实在我们的道路上设置障碍或限制时，我们要认同自己的努力，以打败和克服这些障碍。面对所有推动孩子成长的压力和力量，他倾向于坚持自己的主要愿望，并抵制任何迫使他放弃这些愿望的企图。但他是一个不甘心的主体。他那微弱的力量对与他对立的力量几乎无能为力。他不可避免地被剥夺了他所要求的满足，他感到沮丧和威胁。这些都是对发展中的自尊的有力打击。为了保护他不稳定的自体感，攻击性就这样被调动起来。正是在这一阶段，噩梦和恐惧症反应频繁出现。