Identifcation with the Agressor 与攻击者认同 Often enough, to escape the web of entangling limitations and frustrations which his growing-up experience provides him, the child retreats to a relatively unconscious and natural belief in magic. He retreats to the consolation of powerful fantasies and wishes rather than remain entangled in the reality of his weakness and dependence. While these fantasy wishes are disturbing, he cannot easily divest himself of them except by magically projecting these hostile and destructive wishes particularly to the outside world. He thus creates a world full of hazards and dangers of his own creation, but against which he must defend himself. 通常情况下，为了摆脱他的成长经历为他提供的纠缠的限制和挫折网，儿童会退缩到对魔法的相对无意识和自然的信仰中去。他退缩到强大的幻想和愿望的安慰下，而不是继续纠结于 自己的弱点和依赖 的现实。虽然这些幻想愿望令人不安，但他却不能轻易地将自己剥离出来，除非将这些充满敌意和破坏性的愿望特别是魔法地投射到外部世界。因此，他创造了一个充满了他自己创造的危害和危险的世界，但他必须抵御这些危害和危险。 The child fears the magical power of his own aggressiveness. One major means of protecting himself from the resultant threatening hostility and the sense of victimhood that accompanies it is the identification with aggressive figures in the environment. Such an identification provides a buffering against the fears of vulnerability and the sense of being a victim, while it also provides an incentive for aggressive outlet as well as the wish to victimize others. Identification with the aggressor, consequently, does not diminish the conflicts over aggression, but merely reincarnates them on another level. The phenomenon of identification with the aggressor is writ large across all of our above case histories. In the case of Bob, for example, the identification with the harsh, remote, and domineering father was reenacted in Bob's sadistic treatment of the women in his life. He was driven by the unconscious wish to deny his own weakness and inadequacy, while at the same time expressing the sadistic wish to domineer and subjugate women, particularly sexually. 儿童害怕自己的攻击性的魔力。保护自己不受 由此产生的威胁性敌意和随之而来的受害感 的一个主要手段是认同环境中的攻击性人物。这种认同为 对脆弱的恐惧和受害者的感觉 提供了一种缓冲，同时也为攻击性的发泄提供了激励，以及使他人受害的愿望。因此，对攻击者的认同并不能减少因攻击而产生的冲突，而只是在另一个层面上使其重新轮回。在我们上述的所有病例中，认同攻击者的现象都很普遍。以鲍勃的病例为例，对严苛、遥远、霸道的父亲的认同，在鲍勃对生活中的女性的虐待中重现。他受无意识的愿望驱使，否认自己的软弱和不足，同时表达了(特别是性方面)支配和征服妇女 的虐待愿望。 Identification with the aggressor, therefore, serves as a powerful defense against victimhood. But its greatest importance is in the role it plays in the overcoming of threats to fragile narcissism. As the aggression of the aggressor is introjected, it enables the child to fend off fears and the uncertainties of everyday life. One possible outcome, of course, is the enhancement of self-esteem. The child may thereby gain a capacity for self-assertion and of aggressive competitiveness which contribute to the building up of self-esteem. The resulting achievements can serve as narcissistic rewards which preserve self-esteem and reflect a shift in the direction of aggression from destructive intent to constructive enterprises involving the acquisition of skills and the mastery of tasks. As Rochlin observes: 因此，与攻击者认同，是对受害的有力防御。但其最大的重要性在于 它在克服对脆弱的自恋的威胁方面所起的作用。由于攻击者的攻击行为是内摄的，它使儿童能够抵御日常生活中的恐惧和不确定因素。当然，一个可能的结果是自尊的增强。儿童可能因此获得一种自我主张和攻击性竞争的能力，这有助于建立自尊。由此产生的成就可以作为一种自恋的奖励，它可以维护自尊，并反映出攻击性方向的转变，从破坏性意图转向涉及获取技能和掌握任务的建设性事业。正如罗克林所言： The gain in identification with the aggressor serves, in the course of becoming aggressive oneself, to enhance self-esteem. Aggression thus commences in early childhood to assume a major role essential to the protection of narcissism. In fact, in its relation to narcissism, aggression gets its clearest definition of function. In the formation of emotional defenses, in achieving skills and mastery, in adaptation to the environment, aggression performs a role in all aspects of daily life. Employed in the permanent service of restitution of our narcissism, which the conditions of everyday life tend to erode, aggression becomes its indispensable arm. When it fails, narcissism suffers (1973, pp. 213-214) 在自己成为攻击者的过程中，获得对攻击者的认同，有助于增强自尊。因此，攻击性在幼儿期就开始发挥保护自恋的重要作用。事实上，在与自恋的关系中，攻击性得到了最明确的功能定义。在情感防御的形成中，在实现技能和掌握的过程中，在适应环境的过程中，攻击性在日常生活的各个方面都发挥着作用。日常生活的条件往往会侵蚀我们的自恋，在恢复我们自恋的永久服务中，攻击性成为它不可或缺的武器。当它失败时，自恋就会受到伤害（1973年，第213-214页）。 To this it must be added, following Kohut (1973), that the identification with the aggressor is also related to the need to convert a passive experience into an active one. Rather than experiencing himself as the passive victim of the sadistic hostility of others, the child is thus enabled to become the sadistic aggressor himself. Thus shame-prone individuals reveal a readiness to react to a potentially shame-provoking situation by inflicting on others the narcissistic injuries which they feel most themselves. 按照Kohut(1973年)的说法，还必须补充一点，即对攻击者的认同也与将被动经验转化为主动经验的需要有关。儿童不是将自己体验为他人虐待敌意的被动受害者，而是因此能够自己成为虐待攻击者。因此，有羞耻倾向的人 表现出 愿意对可能引起羞耻的情况作出反应，将他们自己最感觉到的自恋伤害加诸他人身上。 However, as we have previously observed, it must be remembered that if the identification with an aggressor serves to protect from a sense of vulnerability and victimhood, it is inevitably accompanied by the underlying and accompanying identification with the victim. Thus the victim introjection can function not only as a precondition but also as a consequence of identification with the aggressor. The child assumes the attributes of and imitates the aggressive object and thus transforms himself from the person threatened into the one who makes the threat. The child thus takes upon himself the characteristics of the parental objects. The process precipitates the child into an irresolvable dilemma. At the same time, he fashions within himself a self-governing agent which is opposed to aggression, while at the same time he strives to become like the aggressive figures, whom he perceives as powerful and aggressive. The predicament, consequently, is that one has to disclaim within oneself that which is the source of aggression, and at the same time claim for oneself that which is the source of aggression. 然而，正如我们以前所指出的，必须记住，如果对攻击者的认同是为了保护自己不受脆弱和受害感的影响，那么它就不可避免地伴随着对受害者的潜在和伴随的认同。因此，受害者内摄不仅可以作为一个先决条件，而且也可以作为认同攻击者的结果。儿童承担了攻击客体的属性并模仿攻击性客体，从而将自己从受威胁的人转变为发出威胁的人。这样，儿童就把父母客体的特征带到了自己身上。这个过程使儿童陷入了无法解决的困境。同时，他在自己的内心塑造了一个反对攻击的 自体管理 代理人，同时，他努力成为像他认为强大和具有攻击的人物那样的人。因此，困境是 他必须在自己的内心深处放弃攻击的根源，同时为自己争取攻击的根源。