Masochism and Paranoia 受虐和偏执症 The relationship between the masochistic character and paranoid traits has been discussed in some detail by Nydes (1963). In his view the masochistic character renounces power for the sake of love, while the paranoid renounces love for the sake of power. In delusional paranoia, for example, the patient becomes God or some equivalently powerful figure: but the masochist projects his omnipotent wish to an outside figure and renounces his own power for the sake of love of the powerful object. The paranoid defense consequently is an alternate defense to the underlying sadistic and aggressive wishes. However, the paranoid identification with the victim which is so central to his pathology and which enables him to provoke and elicit attacks from the persecutor, lies very close to the position of the masochist. The masochist renounces power for the sake of love, but the love which is in question is a love based on weakness, subjugation, castration, and homosexual degradation. Nydes(1963)对受虐型性格与偏执特征之间的关系进行了较为详细的讨论。在他看来，受虐性格为了爱而放弃权力，而偏执为了权力而放弃爱。例如，在妄想偏执症中，病人变成了上帝或一些同等强大的人物：但受虐者却将自己的全能愿望投射到外部人物身上，为了对强势客体的爱而放弃自己的权力。因此，偏执防御是对潜在的虐待和攻击性愿望的另一种防御。然而，对受害者的偏执认同是其病理的核心，这种认同使他能够挑起和引起迫害者的攻击，这与受虐狂的立场非常接近。受虐狂为了爱而放弃权力，但这种爱是建立在软弱、征服、阉割和同性恋降格基础上的爱。 The paranoid and the masochist share a common failure to identify in a healthy manner with the parent of the same sex. The Oedipal wish is to eliminate the parent of the same sex and to possess the parent of the opposite sex. Both carry with them a dread of retaliation and castration anxiety. For both, any opportunity for self-assertion or for the achievement of real success is fraught with anxiety and threat, since it is unconsciously associated as effectively a defiance of and transgression against a powerful authority figure. Success means both incestuous conquest of and possession of the parent of the opposite sex, as well as the elimination and murderous destruction of the parent of the same sex. Any competition implies a combat which is penetrated through and through with destructive impulses. Both the paranoid and the masochist project these infantile destructive impulses. The paranoid is often tormented by them and becomes their anguished victim, while the masochist often submits to them more willingly. 偏执患者和受虐狂都有一个共同的特点，就是不能以健康的方式认同同性的父母。俄狄浦斯愿望是消灭同性的父母，占有异性的父母。两者都带有报复的恐惧和阉割的焦虑。对这两种人来说，任何自我主张或获得真正成功 的机会都充满了焦虑和威胁，因为它在无意识中被有效地联想到对强大的权威人物的反抗和违反。成功既意味着对异性父母的不伦征服和占有，也意味着对同性父母的消灭和谋杀性破坏。任何竞争都意味着一场贯穿着破坏性冲动的战斗。偏执患者和受虐狂都会投射出这些幼稚的破坏性冲动。偏执患者常常受到这些冲动的折磨，并成为其痛苦的受害者，而受虐狂则常常更愿意屈服于这些冲动。 For these and any other reasons the paranoid character has particular difficulty with any situation in which individuals must function in a more or less autonomous manner. The independence of other individuals is extremely threatening. Any power which others possess, even if it is merely the power of self-possession and personal initiative and independence, tends to be distorted into a hostile and destructive power which is interpreted as intending the subjugation and humiliation of the self. 由于这些原因和任何其他原因，偏执性格对 任何个体必须以或多或少的自主方式运作 的情况 感到特别困难。其他个体的独立是极有威胁的。别人拥有的任何权力，即使只是 有自制力、个体主动性 和 独立性的权力，也往往会被扭曲成一种敌对和破坏性的权力，被解释为意图征服和羞辱自体。 This understanding of the dynamics of masochism makes it clear that the underlying constellation of factors involved in masochism lie very close to those we have already identified in depressive states. At the root of both forms of pathology, there is the victim introject. There is also involved, however, as a correlative aspect of the pathology, the aggressor introject. It is difficult clinically—if not theoretically—to draw any clear lines between either side of this set of defensive dichotomies. The line between depression and masochism is often difficult to determine, just as the line between paranoia and sadism is often not easy to delineate. It is my impression generally that clinically the sadomasochistic vicissitudes often show a more intense determination of sexual conflicts, consistent with the original description and discussion of sadomasochism provided by Freud. 对受虐动力学的这种理解清楚地表明，受虐所涉及的基本因素与我们已经在抑郁状态中发现的因素非常接近。在这两种病理形式的根源上，都有受害者内摄。然而，作为病理学的一个相关方面，还涉及到攻击者内摄。在临床上——如果不是在理论上——很难在这套防御二分法的任何一方之间划出任何明确的界限。抑郁症和受虐狂之间的界限往往很难确定，就像偏执症和虐待狂之间的界限往往不容易划分一样。在我的印象中，一般来说，临床上虐待受虐变迁往往表现出更强烈的性冲突的决定，这与弗洛伊德对受虐狂的原始描述和讨论是一致的。 The vicissitudes of the paranoid-depressive continuum, on the other hand, seem more directly related to offended narcissism and aggression. Thus in my own limited analytic experience, patients who present with depression and a strong bent toward masochism often can be shown to have a strong sadistic component in their personality organization. But they tend not to manifest paranoid attitudes. Nydes (1963) has attempted to distinguish between sadistic and paranoid aggression. Sadistic aggression is based on an identification with the aggressor and the rage is accompanied by a sense of malicious triumph. The motive for the aggression is simply to hurt the victim who is unable to fight back and the aggression thus works to achieve an intimidation or domination over the victim. The paranoid aggression, however, is seen as derived essentially from an identification with the victim and functioning as a more or less hostile defense against anticipated attack. The rage is accompanied by a sense of self-righteousness. Moreover, the apparent motive of the aggression is to protect against the anticipated attack of the persecutor. But the effect of the aggression is often to provoke further punishment, thus gratifying the regressed wish for humiliation and victimization. To this it must be added that the paranoid defense is essentially based on the underlying narcissistic trauma. Thus the narcissistic rage has a quality of revenge that simple sadism does not. Moreover the narcissistic injury and the deprivation associated with it, along with the signal affects of shame or envy, do not leave any room for the form of sexual gratification so frequently found in the masochistic position. 而偏执-抑郁连续统的变迁，则似乎与 被冒犯的自恋 和 攻击性 有更直接的关系。因此在我自己有限的分析经验中，那些出现抑郁症和强烈的受虐倾向的病人，往往可以证明他们的人格组织中具有强烈的虐待成分。但他们往往不表现出偏执态度。Nydes(1963)曾试图区分虐狂攻击和偏执攻击。虐待攻击行为是基于对攻击者的认同，暴怒伴随着一种恶意的胜利感。攻击的动机仅仅是为了伤害无力还击的受害者，攻击行为因此致力于实现对受害者的恐吓或支配。然而，偏执攻击行为则被视为基本上源于对受害者的认同，并作为对预期攻击的一种或多或少的敌意防御而发挥作用。暴怒伴随着一种自以为是的感觉。此外，攻击的表面动机是为了保护自己免受迫害者的预期攻击。但攻击的效果往往是挑起进一步的惩罚，从而满足了对屈辱和受害的退行愿望。对此必须补充说明的是，偏执防御基本上是基于潜在的自恋创伤。因此，自恋暴怒具有简单的虐待狂所没有的报复性质。此外，自恋伤害和与之相关的剥夺，以及羞耻或嫉妒 的信号影响，并没有为受虐立场中经常出现的性满足形式留下任何空间。 Another interesting facet to the problem of masochism is its relationship to fantasies of being beaten. Freud originally described a stage in the psychosexual development of females in which the girl fantasies herself as being beaten on the buttocks by her father. There is a parallel fantasy among boys of the mother similarly beating him. Freud interpreted the fantasies in psychosexual terms as representing the child's wish for sexual assault on the part of the parent of the opposite sex, in which the attack was displaced from the genitals to the buttock. The essential aspect of the fantasy is that an aggressive wish is used in the defense against erotic wishes. The experience of spankings or face-slappings or shaming or other humiliations are by no means unusual in the experience of children. Being spanked on the bare buttocks often can produce erotic overtones, which may frequently be related to sexual and seductive elements in the parent-child interaction. 受虐问题的另一个有趣的方面是它与被殴打的幻想的关系。弗洛伊德最初描述了女性性心理发展的一个阶段，在这个阶段，女孩幻想自己被父亲打屁股。男孩中也有一种平行的幻想，即母亲同样打他。弗洛伊德用性心理学的观点解释这些幻想，认为这些幻想代表了儿童希望异性父母对其进行性攻击的愿望，其中攻击的部位从生殖器转移到臀部。幻想的本质方面是用一种攻击性的愿望来防御色情愿望。在儿童的经历中，被打屁股或打脸或羞辱或其他蒙羞的经历绝非罕见。被打光屁股往往会产生色情色彩，这可能经常与亲子互动中的性和诱惑元素有关。 Rather than seeing such beating fantasies in the context of abnormal sadomasochistic development, recent trends have seen the role of the beating fantasy evolving within a context of a normal development phase. This reflects the frequency with which children interpret the act of intercourse as physical beating (Rubinfine, 1965). In the course of normal development the fantasy seems to lose its cathexis, whereas in more sadomasochistic channels of development the fantasy maintains a special psychosexual importance. Rubinfine has advanced the hypothesis that it is the effects of parental surrender to the child's aggression or withdrawal from it which result in the intensification of infantile sadism, that is related to the persistence of beating fantasies. In his cases it was the failure of obsessional mechanisms to adequately guarantee the safety of the child's good objects, which set the stage for the formation of beating fantasies as a means of protecting both the object and the self against the destructive sadism. 最近的趋势不是将这种殴打幻想放在虐待受虐的发展的背景下看待，而是将殴打幻想的作用放在正常发展阶段的背景下看待。这反映了儿童将性交行为解释为身体殴打的频率（Rubinfine，1965）。在正常的发展过程中，这种幻想似乎失去了它的精神投入，而在更虐待受虐的发展渠道中，这种幻想保持着特殊的性心理重要性。Rubinfine提出了这样的假设：正是由于父母对儿童的攻击行为的屈从或撤退的影响，导致了婴儿期虐待的强化，这与殴打幻想的持续存在有关。在他的病例中，正是由于思维强迫机制未能充分保证儿童的好客体的安全，才为殴打幻想的形成创造了条件，使之成为保护客体和自体不受破坏性虐待侵害的手段。 The beating fantasy can consequently be looked at as a subvariant of a projective defense, by which aggressive or sadistic impulses are externalized with corresponding development of a phobic state. Such fantasies can be fixed at a genital level so that the attitudes toward sexuality became tinged with elements of sadomasochism. In Freud's later writings, beating fantasies came to represent not only Oedipal wishes but also a punishment for masturbation, castration, copulation, or giving birth. Later work has increasingly amplified the number of determinants and functions of beating fantasies, with an increasing shift toward the emphasis on preoedipal rather than Oedipal determinants. 因此，殴打幻想可以被看作是一种投射性防御的子类型，通过这种防御，攻击性或虐待的冲动被外化，并相应地发展成一种恐惧症状态。这种幻想可以固着在生殖器的层面上，所以对性的态度变得带有虐待受虐的元素。在弗洛伊德的晚期著作中，殴打幻想不仅代表了俄狄浦斯愿望，也代表了对手淫、阉割、交配或生育的惩罚。后来的工作越来越多地放大了殴打幻想的决定因素和功能，越来越多地转向强调前俄狄浦斯而非俄狄浦斯的决定因素。 It seems that the beating wish may be regarded as an instinctual manifestation, which may be conscious or unconscious and may be variously defended against, sublimated, or displaced. The beating fantasy itself thus becomes a sexualized fulfillment of the underlying wish. The manifestations of such wishes have been found in a broad spectrum of childhood behaviors spanning the range from quite normal to relatively severely disturbed (Novick and Novick, 1972). The beating wish and its connection with the expression of aggression in forms of hitting and being hit is sexualized in terms of the sadistic theory of intercourse. The hitting and chasing among both boys and girls during the phallic stages takes on an aspect of intense sexual excitement. In these games the active and the passive roles are alternated, along with the roles of attacker and victim. 看来，殴打愿望可以看作是一种本能的表现，它可能是有意识的，也可能是无意识的，可以有不同程度的防御、升华或置换。因此，殴打幻想本身就成了潜在愿望的性化满足。这种愿望的表现已经在广泛的儿童行为中被发现，范围从相当正常到相对严重的心理失常（诺维克和诺维克，1972）。殴打愿望及其与打人和被打等形式的攻击性表达的联系，是以性交的虐待理论为基础的性化。在阳具阶段，男孩和女孩之间的打闹和追逐都具有强烈的性兴奋的一面。在这些游戏中，主动和被动的角色以及攻击者和受害者的角色交替出现。 In this phase of phallic development the beating comes to represent parental intercourse and consequently carries with it the connotations of castration and passive femininity. Boys find themselves struggling against passivity and the wish to be beaten. Girls, however, who may have difficulty in accepting the lack of a penis, would either give up the beating games and regress to anality, or conversely deny the lack of penis and adopt a more active role in the beating games. Thus the beating wish, the sadistic intercourse theory, and phallic beating games are seen in some form or other in most young children. Follow-up studies of such children in adolescence found no excessive masochism in the girls and what seemed to be adequate sublimation of the beating wish into appropriate feminine passivity. They conclude that the beating fantasy and the Oedipal wish to be beaten are a normal, phase-specific, transitional component and may be relatively common. In more severely disturbed children, however, the beating fantasy may become fixed and develop as a relatively permanent part of the child's psychosexual experience. 在这一阶段的阳具发展中，殴打代表着父母的性交，因此带有阉割和被动女性的含义。男孩发现自己在与被动性和挨打的愿望作斗争。而女孩则可能难以接受没有阴茎的事实，她们要么放弃殴打游戏，退行到肛欲状态，要么反过来否认没有阴茎，在殴打游戏中采取更主动的角色。因此，在大多数幼儿身上都能看到殴打愿望、虐待性性交理论和阳物殴打游戏的某种形式。对这类儿童在青春期的跟踪研究发现，女孩们并没有过度的受虐行为，而且殴打愿望似乎已经充分升华为适当的女性被动。他们的结论是，殴打幻想和俄狄浦斯被打愿望是一种正常的、阶段性的、过渡性的成分，可能比较常见。然而，在更严重的心理失常儿童中，殴打幻想可能固着，并发展成为儿童性心理经验中相对永久的一部分。 It can be added in terms of our own case material that it is not only beating fantasies which may serve similar developmental functions, but also memories of beatings or, as in the case with Karen, being slapped in the face particularly by the father, which can serve in the experience of girls as a focus for the Oedipal wish to be beaten. The process involved and the vicissitudes of the aggressive components displayed in the sadomasochistic aspects of the wish to be beaten again reflect the relatively common status of the processes by which instinctual components, particularly aggressive and sadistically destructive ones, are defended against. The beating fantasies or the fixations on beating memories seems to be another aspect of the projective management of internal aggressive impulses in the interest both of preserving self from the destructive aggressiveness as well as the needed and loved objects. The mechanism, consequently, is quite close to what we have discussed in connection with nightmares and phobias. 从我们自己的病例材料来看，可以补充说明的是，不仅是殴打幻想可能具有类似的发展功能，而且在女孩的经验中，被打的记忆，或者像卡伦的情况一样，被打耳光，特别是被父亲打耳光，也可以作为被打的俄狄浦斯愿望的焦点。在被打愿望的虐待受虐方面所涉及的过程 和 攻击性成分的变迁，又反映了本能成分(特别是攻击性和虐待破坏性成分)被防御 的过程中比较常见的状态。殴打幻想或对殴打记忆的固着似乎是对内部攻击性冲动的投射性管理的另一个方面，既是为了保护自体免受破坏性攻击性的伤害，也是为了保护所需和所爱的客体。因此，这种机制与我们在讨论噩梦和恐惧症时所讨论的相当接近。