The Masochistic Defense 受虐防御 These considerations bring us close to a consideration of the relationship between narcissistic injury and rage and the masochistic defense. Some years ago, Bak (1946) had stressed that the main paranoid defense against destructive drives was to convert the aggression into masochism. The paranoid aspiration to eliminate evil completely prompts him to try to rid the world of destruction in all its forms. This must of course begin with the repudiation of his own destructiveness. It is when he meets destruction and aggression in others that the conflict becomes intensified. If he submits to their violence, he will be destroyed. If he struggles against their violence, however, he must use violence himself. As we have seen, both aspects and both sides of the conflict have their place in the paranoid dynamics. 这些考虑使我们接近于对 自恋伤害和暴怒 与 受虐防御 之间关系的考虑。几年前，Bak曾强调，对破坏性驱力的主要偏执防御是将攻击性转化为受虐性。完全消除邪恶的偏执渴望，促使他试图摆脱一切形式的破坏。这当然必须从否定他自己的破坏性开始。当他遇到他人的破坏性和攻击时，冲突才会加剧。如果他屈服于他们的暴力，他就会被摧毁。然而，如果他对他们的暴力进行斗争，他自己就必须使用暴力。正如我们所看到的那样，冲突的两面和两边 在偏执动力学中都有其位置。 The link between these elements and feminine sexuality has been recently explored in a provocative article by Green (1972). One of the basic feminine fears, which is amply demonstrated by psychoanalytic studies, is the fear of penetration. The penis is commonly symbolized as a knife or spear or other penetrating object. The woman's fear is a double fear: fear for the penis and a fear of the penis. It is a fear of somehow damaging or castrating the penis, but at the same time a fear that the penis itself might penetrate and destroy the internal genitalia or even the abdomen itself. 最近，格林(1972年)的一篇挑衅性文章探讨了这些元素与女性性行为之间的联系。精神分析研究充分表明，女性的基本恐惧之一是对插入的恐惧。阴茎通常被象征为刀或矛或其他插入物。女人的恐惧是一种双重恐惧：为阴茎的恐惧[怕伤害阴茎] 和 对阴茎的恐惧[怕阴茎伤害自己]。这是对以某种方式损害或阉割阴茎的恐惧，但同时又担心阴茎本身可能会穿透和破坏内生殖器甚至腹部本身。 Even in my own analytic patients, the fantasy is relatively common that there is somehow a communication between the genitals and the abdominal cavity, so that the penis might be incorporated or swallowed up and internally retained. This is obviously related to pregnancy fantasies. Green has related such fantasies to the rather Kleinian early fantasies of oral sadism related to fears of destroying the mother's breast or of attacking and destroying her abdomen and it contents. This anxiety consequently is not merely a fear of destroying, but also a wish to destroy. Consequently a woman must face a combination of fantasies—the fantasy of destroying as well as the fantasy of being destroyed by the object that is both intensely desired and intensely feared. In this aspect of feminine psychology, therefore, there is operative a dual identification: an identification with the damaged victim as well as with the aggressor. Thus the woman must be able to reach a compromise between the fear of object loss and its consequent mourning (hysterical depression), and the threatening incorporation which serves as the basis for persecutory anxiety and fear. 即使在我自己的分析病人中，也比较常见的幻想是，生殖器和腹腔之间有某种沟通，这样阴茎就可能被纳入或吞噬，并在内部保留。这显然与怀孕幻想有关。格林将这种幻想与相当克莱因式的早期口虐幻想联系起来，这种幻想与害怕摧毁母亲的乳房或攻击和摧毁母亲的腹部及其内容物有关。因此，这种焦虑不仅仅是对破坏的恐惧，也是一种破坏的愿望。因此，女性必须面对各种幻想的组合——破坏的幻想以及被客体破坏的幻想，这种幻想既是强烈的渴望，也是强烈的恐惧。因此，在女性心理学的这一方面，存在着一种双重认同：对受损的受害者以及对攻击者的认同。因此，妇女必须能够在 对客体丧失的恐惧和随之而来的哀悼(癔症型抑郁) 与 作为迫害性焦虑和恐惧基础的威胁性合并 之间达成妥协。 In the transference relationship, such women often respond with a form of masochistic submissiveness which tends to place the analyst in a position of strength and power. At the same time the power which these women attribute to him is feared and the reintrojection of the projected strength is stoutly resisted. The analyst is sometimes overidealized in this fashion, so that the woman is unable to effectively separate from him, give him up, and endure the mourning process which is required for an effective termination. Something similar is often seen in male patients with marked feminine tendencies. I have often found this to be the case in women who retreat to a highly masochistic defensive position. It was also strikingly the case for young Jim, for whom the closing stages of his analysis were almost exclusively taken up with his clinging to a passive, masochistic position and his reluctance to enter upon a self-assertive, masculinely aggressive and successful style of life. Equivalently it meant surrendering his feminine identification, renouncing his wishes for passive homosexual surrender to his father, and giving up the highly gratifying and narcissistically cathected position of special and defective child of his mother. 在移情关系中，这些妇女往往以一种受虐的顺从形式作出反应，这往往使分析者处于强势和权力的地位。同时，这些妇女归于他的力量是令人恐惧的，投射出来的力量的重新内摄受到强烈的抵制。分析师有时会以这种方式被过度理想化，以至于女性无法有效地与他分离、放弃他，并忍受有效终止所需的哀悼过程。类似的情况经常出现在有明显女性化倾向的男性患者身上。我经常发现，在那些退缩到高度受虐防御立场的女性身上也是如此。年轻的吉姆也是惊人的情况，对他来说，他分析的最后阶段几乎完全是在坚持一种被动的、受虐的立场，并且他不愿意进入一种自体主张的、具有男子性攻击性的、成功的生活方式。同样，这也意味着他要放弃对女性的认同，放弃对父亲被动的同性恋屈从的愿望，放弃母亲的特殊和有缺陷的孩子这一高度满足和自恋精神投入的地位。 In his early considerations of sadomasochism, Freud related the process primarily to libidinal vicissitudes. He emphasized physical pain as a means to achieving sexual discharge. Masochism thus came to mean the need for physical pain as a prerequisite for orgasm. In his Three Essays (1905), Freud saw sadism as ranging from violence toward the sexual object to the dependence of sexual satisfaction on the humiliation and mistreatment of the sexual subject. He also regarded masochism as ranging from passivity to the sexual object to the extreme state of sexual satisfaction being dependent on actual physical suffering or mental torment. He also saw the sadistic and the masochistic impulses as related. Masochism was merely the turning of the sadistic impulse against the self. The impulse to inflict pain upon the object was inhibited because of a sense of guilt and thus was changed into a masochistic, self-directed and self-punishing mechanism for the aggressive impulse against the object. Similarly sadism may be put to the service of defending against masochistic wishes, as we have seen in the case of identification with the aggressor. In a sadomasochistic sexual relationship, therefore, the sexual experience is turned into a struggle between a victim and an aggressor. 弗洛伊德在其早期对虐待受虐的考虑中，主要将这一过程与力比多的变迁联系起来。他强调身体上的痛苦是实现性释放的一种手段。因此，受虐就意味着需要身体上的痛苦作为达到性高潮的先决条件。在他的三篇论文（1905）中，弗洛伊德认为虐待的范围从 对性客体的暴力 到 性满足对性主体的羞辱和虐待的依赖。他还认为受虐从 对性客体的被动 到 性满足依赖于实际的肉体痛苦或精神折磨的极端状态。他还认为虐待和受虐的冲动是相关的。受虐只是将虐待的冲动转向自体。由于内疚感而抑制了对客体施加痛苦的冲动，从而转变为对客体攻击冲动的受虐的、自体导向的和自体惩罚机制。同样，虐待也可以为防御受虐愿望服务，正如我们在认同攻击者的情况下所看到的那样。因此，在虐待受虐的性关系中，性经验变成了受害者和攻击者之间的斗争。 By 1924, when he wrote his famous paper on The Economic Problem of Masochism, Freud had arrived at his theory of the death instinct and applied it to the phenomenon of masochism. He described a primary masochism which was directly related to the operation of the death instinct, specifically that part that was not directed externally in an aggressive or destructive form. The secondary forms of masochism were described as "feminine masochism," the supposedly feminine tendency to place oneself in the position of being dominated or castrated, and "moral masochism" in which a priority of value is placed on suffering itself exclusive of its more sexual connotations. Thus, as Freud conceived it, the masochistic wishes were the result of the subject's guilt feelings about prohibited sexual wishes, so that the suffering becomes the price that the masochist pays for sexual pleasure. The pain is suffered willingly because of the conviction that one cannot have pleasure without paying the price. Consequently the masochist is able to put pain in the service of pleasure. 到了1924年，当他写出著名的论文《受虐的经济问题》时，弗洛伊德已经得出了他的死亡本能理论，并将其应用于受虐现象。他描述了一种初级受虐，它与死亡本能的运作直接相关，特别是那部分不以攻击性或破坏性的形式指向外部的受虐。受虐的次级形式被描述为 "女性受虐"，即所谓的女性倾向于将自己置于被支配或被阉割的位置，以及 "道德受虐"，即优先重视痛苦本身，而不考虑其更多的性内涵。因此，按照弗洛伊德的设想，受虐愿望是主体对被禁止的性愿望的内疚感的结果，因此痛苦成为受虐者为性快感所付出的代价。由于坚信不付出代价就不能获得快乐，所以心甘情愿地承受痛苦。因此，受虐者能够将痛苦为快乐服务。 In a sense, it can be said that patients with this sadomasochistic inclination are enacting as an internal psychic drama a version of the child's perception of parental intercourse. Quite frequently in such patients one finds a history of exposure to the primal scene which is inevitably seen by the child as an act of physical aggression and violence. But the determinants are not simply this. More frequently the whole issue of such sadistic and masochistic propensities is a question of the general quality of the relationships not only between parents, but also among members of the family. Such families are dominated by the conflicts over aggression and victimhood. Family relationships are seen in terms of aggressive struggles in which the issue is always winning and losing and in which human relationships are impossible except in terms of someone winning and someone losing, or someone dominating and others submitting. It is hardly necessary to recall the frequency with which such intensely sadomasochistic relations are found to characterize marital relationships. The tendency for masochists to seek out and become intensely involved with sadists, and vice versa, is a well-known clinical phenomenon. 从某种意义上说，可以说，具有这种虐待受虐倾向的病人正在，作为一种内在的心理剧，演绎着儿童对父母性交的看法。在这种病人中，人们经常发现有接触原始场景的历史，而这种原始场景不可避免地被儿童看作是一种身体攻击和暴力的行为。但决定因素并不只是这些。更常见的是，这种虐待和受虐倾向的整个问题，不仅是父母之间的关系，而且是家庭成员之间关系的总体质量问题。这样的家庭是由攻击和受害的冲突所主导的。家庭关系被看作是一种攻击性的斗争，在这种斗争中，问题永远是胜负，人与人之间的关系，除了有人赢，有人输，或者有人主宰，其他人服从之外，都是不可能的。几乎没有必要回顾这种强烈的虐待受虐关系在婚姻关系中的频率。受虐狂寻找并与虐待狂有密切关系的倾向，反之亦然，这是一个众所周知的临床现象。 It is altogether typical of such patients, when they are operating from the position of masochistic fixation, that they idealize or regard as extremely powerful the parental figure. Often such patients have experienced a relationship with a mother, who is characteristically unloving, exploitative, and critical, and is seen by the child as extremely powerful and influential. We have seen this interaction as a characteristic part of the early-life experience of all our female patients. The typical fantasy, which governs the child's, and later the masochistically inclined patient's view of reality, is that others, particularly influential persons upon whom they in any way depend, are seen as superior beings who are possessed with great power. It is the view of the weak, helpless, and dependent child of his omnipotent and powerful parents. The patient remains in his own eyes an inferior, inadequate, helpless, impotent, and defective creature. 当这些病人从受虐固着的立场出发时，他们将父母的形象理想化或视为极其强大的人物，这完全是典型的。这类病人往往有这样的母亲，其特点是不爱、剥削和批判，并被孩子看成是极其强大和有影响力的。我们把这种互动看作是所有女性患者早期生活经验中的一个特征。典型的幻想支配着儿童，以及后来有受虐倾向的病人对现实的看法，即他人，特别是他们以任何方式依赖的有影响力的人，被视为拥有巨大力量的优越存在。这是一个弱小的、无助的、依附于他那无所不能的强大父母的孩子的观点。病人在他自己的眼里仍然是一个低等的、不足的、无助的、无能的、有缺陷的生物。