Aggression in Paranoia 偏执症中的攻击 It would be difficult, indeed, to miss the strong aggressive component in paranoid manifestations. Even though Freud's treatment of Schreber's paranoia was so taken up with libidinal emphases that Freud did not explicitly develop the role of aggression in Schreber's illness, as we have seen. Freud was well aware of the destructive and aggressive impact of paranoid delusions. Whether we are dealing with fantasies of world destruction à la Schreber or whether we are dealing with sensitive apprehensions of being "dumped on" or "put down," the content of the paranoid projection is inevitably aggressive in tone—even though the degree of aggression expressed can vary across a very wide spectrum indeed. From this point of view there are few of us who from time to time do not experience moments of paranoid apprehension and uneasiness. 事实上，很难忽略偏执表现中强烈的攻击性成分。尽管弗洛伊德对史瑞伯妄想症的处理是以力比多为重点的，以至于弗洛伊德没有明确地发展攻击性在史瑞伯疾病中的作用，正如我们所看到的那样。弗洛伊德很清楚偏执妄想的破坏性和攻击性影响。无论我们是在处理史瑞伯那种世界毁灭的幻想，还是在处理敏感的被 "抛弃 "或 "放倒 "的忧虑，偏执投射的内容都不可避免地具有攻击性——即使所表达的攻击程度可以在一个非常宽广的范围内变化。从这一点来看，我们中很少有人不时常经历偏执的忧虑和不安的时刻。 Consequently it is no great labor to discern the elements of aggression in the patients we have described. The intensity of their projected aggression varies over the full extent of the spectrum. It ranges from fears of murderous intent on the part of others to mildly phobic and anxious tension and apprehension over the devaluing and critical attitudes of significant figures around them. Within the psychoanalytic setting as well, the spectrum of such paranoid feelings runs from a level of intense persecutory anxiety and near panic to a much more muted and chronic level of mild tension and discomfort. 因此，在我们所描述的病人中，要辨别出攻击性的元素并不费力。他们投射的攻击性的强度在整个谱系范围内各不相同。它的范围从对他人谋杀意图的恐惧，到对周围重要人物的贬低和批评态度的轻度恐惧和焦虑的 紧张和忧虑。在精神分析的背景下，这种偏执感觉的范围从强烈的迫害性焦虑和近乎惊恐的水平 到 更柔和和长期的轻度紧张和不适的水平。 There is certainly something very fatalistic and pessimistic about an instinctual theory of aggression simply stated as such. There is much in Freud's own writings, particularly with reference to the "death instinct," that suggests that his own instinctual theories carried with them this pessimistic and highly deterministic conviction. In an era in which war and violence are matters of general human concern, and in which the potential for human destructiveness has reached nuclear proportions, the ominousness of such theory is powerful and quite overwhelming. 对于攻击的本能理论，简单地说，肯定有一些非常宿命论和悲观主义的东西。在弗洛伊德自己的著作中，特别是涉及"死亡本能"时，有很多内容表明，他自己的本能理论就带有这种悲观主义和高度决定性的信念。在一个战争和暴力是人类普遍关注的问题，人类破坏性的潜能已经达到核子程度的时代，这种理论的不祥性是很强大的，而且是相当压倒性的。 Such an attitude sees aggression as an inexorable natural force and its destructive consequences as being somehow inevitable and uncontrollable. It would seem to me an unavoidable consequence that such a conviction about the nature of aggression could carry with it only sentiments of fright and powerlessness, which can find their sole solace in resignation and submission to these ineluctable forces of nature. Thus, if we all perish as a result of the overwhelming capacity for destructiveness buried in human nature, at least we will have the consolation that this tragedy was forced upon us by our natures and that we had no control over it. But, I would suggest that such an attitude bears the stamp of paranoid thinking—particularly in that it elicits a response of masochistic submissiveness to powerful and uncontrollable forces, which exercise their malignant intent upon us without any capacity within ourselves to alter their tragic outcome. 这种态度认为攻击是一种不可阻挡的自然力量，其破坏性后果是不可避免和无法控制的。在我看来，一个不可避免的后果是，这种对攻击性质的信念只能带来恐惧和无力感，而这种恐惧和无力感的唯一慰藉就是对这些不可避免的自然力量的屈服和服从。因此，如果我们都因人性中埋藏的压倒性破坏能力而麻木，至少我们会得到这样的安慰：这种悲剧是我们的本性所迫，我们无法控制。但是，我想说的是，这种态度带有偏执思维的烙印，特别是它引起了对强大和无法控制的力量的受虐式顺从反应，也就是这些力量对我们行使其恶意，而我们自己却没有任何能力改变其悲惨结果。