Antisocial Tendencies 反社会倾向 One of the important forms of aggressive behavior is manifested in antisocial tendencies, including delinquency. Such antisocial tendencies have definite links to the paranoid process, as we shall see. This presents another area, as others we have seen, where the workings of the paranoid process interdigitate with social and environmental factors to produce complex patterns of behavior. Delinquents in general tend to be concentrated in large population centers, and particularly to be drawn from areas where social disorganization, poverty, and economic deprivation are observable. Underprivileged classes, whether social classes or racial groups, are highly overrepresented. 攻击行为的重要形式之一是表现为反社会倾向，包括违法犯罪。正如我们将看到的那样，这种反社会倾向与偏执过程有明确的联系。这就像我们已经看到的其他领域一样，提出了另一个领域，在这个领域里，偏执过程的运作与社会和环境因素相互交织，产生复杂的行为模式。一般来说，犯罪者往往集中在大的人口中心，尤其是来自社会混乱、贫穷和经济匮乏的地区。贫困阶层，无论是社会阶层还是种族群体，所占比例都很高。 In general, the families of delinquents tend to be larger and more conflictual and disrupted, with more frequent changes of living place and a higher degree of disharmony than controlled homes. In such families there tends to be a higher incidence of criminal conduct and ill-defined standards of behavior and values. Delinquents generally show poor school achievement, a high rate of truancy, and their working histories are often more erratic and unstable (Glueck and Glueck, 1950; Robins, 1966). Within certain underprivileged and deprived groups and within certain areas of social disorganization in urban centers, there appear to be certain groups where individuals seem to be at high risk for delinquency. Even certain streets, particular areas, and within these areas certain families have a higher rate of delinquency. Consequently, such antisocial tendencies do not seem to be attributable only to environmental factors. It appears that the parents of the delinquents with a high rate of recidivism were in their own formative years exposed to a similar damaging family environment as the one they created for their own children. The problem can be traced back at least two generations. The same family difficulties and inadequacies that tend to produce delinquent personalities in the slums, have a similar result in middle-and upper-class families (Roth, 1972). 一般来说，与受控家庭相比，违法犯罪者的家庭往往规模较大，矛盾较多，生活混乱，更换居住地较频繁，不和谐程度较高。在这种家庭中，犯罪行为的发生率往往较高，行为标准和价值观念不明确。犯罪者通常表现出较差的学习成绩、较高的逃学率，而且他们的工作经历往往更古怪，更不稳定（Glueck and Glueck, 1950; Robins, 1966）。在某些弱势群体和贫困群体中，以及在城市中心的某些社会混乱地区，似乎有某些群体中的个体似乎是犯罪的高危人群。甚至某些街道、某些地区以及在这些地区内某些家庭的犯罪率也较高。因此，这种反社会倾向似乎不仅仅是环境因素造成的。屡犯率较高的少年犯的父母，似乎在自己的成长过程中，也曾接触过类似于他们为自己的子女所创造的破坏性家庭环境。这个问题至少可以追溯到两代人。在贫民窟中产生犯罪人格的那些家庭困难和不足，在中产阶级和上流阶级家庭中也会产生类似的结果（Roth，1972年）。 Such delinquent individuals exhibit a definable syndrome, a combination of immature egotism and aggressiveness that would tend to bring such individuals into conflict with any community that required cooperation and social responsibility for its functioning. In Robins' (1966) studies of delinquents in St. Louis, there was a high arrest rate and a tendency to heavy drinking. The terms "sociopath" and "psychopath" were merely reference points along a continuum of degrees of severity of pathology. Individuals given these diagnostic labels proved almost without exception to have a poor work history, to be financially dependent on social welfare, and to suffer from significant degrees of marital difficulty. The histories were replete with impulsivity, sexual promiscuity, vagrancy, etc. The individuals were described as belligerent, delinquent in paying debts, and socially alienated. Mortality was markedly higher than the normal population. 这类少年犯表现出一种可确定的综合征，即不成熟的自我中心和攻击性的结合，往往会使这些人与任何需要合作和社会责任的社区发生冲突。在罗宾斯(1966)对圣路易斯的少年犯的研究中，有很高的被捕率和酗酒的倾向。"社会变态 "和 "精神变态 "这两个名词只是病态严重程度连续统的参考点。被贴上这些诊断标签的人几乎无一例外地都有不良的工作经历，在经济上依赖社会福利，并遭受严重的婚姻困难。这些病史中充满了冲动、性滥交、流浪等现象。这些人好斗、欠债不还、与社会格格不入。死亡率明显高于正常人群。 In general, the younger people who tend to have criminal charges brought against them on repeated occasions share a number of features with cases of attempted suicide, drug addiction, or severe alcoholism. They are all related to patterns of impulsive and violent behavior that often constitute a threat to life. Social and familial backgrounds are similar, along with patterns of maladjustment during certain stages of the life cycle. They also share in common a tendency to antisocial, aggressive, and self-destructive acts. The incidence peaks at the 15-24 age range and usually tends to burn out as middle age approaches. Usually in each of these deviant groups males predominate, with the exception of self-poisoning. Moreover, all of them, including delinquency, crime, attempted suicide, and drug dependence, have shown a precipitous increase in prevalence in industrial societies. And their influence has tended to spread through all levels of society, affecting younger age groups and all levels of the social hierarchy—both underprivileged and privileged. 总的来说，那些屡次受到刑事指控的年轻人，与自杀未遂、吸毒成瘾或严重酗酒的案件有一些共同的特点。它们都与冲动和暴力行为的模式有关，这些行为往往构成对生命的威胁。社会和家庭背景以及在生命周期某些阶段的不适应模式 相似。他们也有共同的反社会、攻击性和自我毁灭行为的倾向。发病率在15-24岁时达到顶峰，通常随着中年的到来而趋于焦灼。通常在这些异常群体中，除自残行为外，每一种都以男性为主。而且，包括违法、犯罪、自杀未遂、药物依赖在内的所有这些行为，在工业社会中的发生率都呈现出急剧上升的趋势。它们的影响往往在社会各阶层蔓延，影响到较年轻的年龄组和社会阶层的各个层面——包括贫困阶层和特权阶层。 The heart of the difficulty seems to lie in the family circumstances and particularly the quality of the relationship between the parents. Personality development reveals intense sexual, emotional, or identity difficulties in the adolescent periods, and a tendency to impairment of educational and social attainment. The utilization of drugs, which promote oblivion or increase confidence or both, is a marked aspect of their behavior. All these groups in varying degrees use alcohol, sedative or narcotic drugs, and amphetamine-like substances to a fairly significant degree. The incidence of experimentation among younger people, either with antisocial acts or in seeking out drug experiences of various kinds, is relatively high. 困难的核心似乎在于家庭环境，特别是父母之间关系的质量。人格发展表明，在青春期有强烈的性、情感或身份方面的困难，并有损害教育和社会成就的趋势。利用毒品促进遗忘或增加自信或两者兼而有之，是他们行为的一个显著方面。所有这些群体都在不同程度上使用酒精、镇静或麻醉药品以及安非他明类药物，而且使用程度相当高。年轻人的实验性行为，无论是反社会行为还是寻求各种毒品体验，发生率都比较高。 But a considerable mass of evidence bears testimony to the significant dichotomy between the casual experimenters and the persistent hard-core delinquents. There are significant differences in family history, in predictable course, in definable hazards, in mortality rates, and in the presence of anxiety, immaturity, hostility, impulsiveness, and low frustration tolerance. The expression of aggression in these groups has been called "frustrative-impulsive" by Roth (1972). We can suggest at this point that such patterns of impulsive aggressiveness and destructiveness are significantly related to the developmental and specifically the introjective history of such individuals. The exposure to parental and familial patterns of destructive aggression undoubtedly influences the quality of internalized aggression and the capacity for constructive utilization. This relates specifically to the question of the development of internal destructiveness, which we have seen is such a prominent aspect of the paranoid pathology. 但相当多的证据证明，偶然实验者与顽固的顽固犯之间存在着显著的对立。在家族史上，在可预测的过程中，在可确定的危害性上，在死亡率上，在焦虑、不成熟、敌意、冲动、挫折耐受力低等方面都有显著的差异。这些群体的攻击性表现被Roth（1972）称为 "挫折-冲动"。我们此时可以提出，这种冲动攻击性和破坏性的模式与这些人的发展史，特别是内摄史有很大关系。在父母和家族的破坏性攻击模式里的暴露，无疑影响了内化攻击的质量和建设性利用的能力。这特别涉及到内部破坏性的发展问题，我们已经看到这是偏执病理学的一个突出方面。