Ictal Destructiveness 猝发的破坏性 There are of course some data, as we have already indicated, which suggest that the impulse of destructiveness may in some cases be relatively uncontrollable and may have destructive outcomes. But the number of patients in whom ictal aggression can be linked to specific epileptic focuses in the amygdala and temporal lobe structures is quite restricted. In such individuals, the concept of a spontaneous outburst of compulsively destructive aggression, propelled by the discharge of electrical impulses in these abnormally functioning parts of the brain, cannot serve as a sufficient basis for an understanding of the nature and function of aggression. It does, however help us to define one polar expression of the aggressive spectrum (Mark and Ervin, 1970). 当然，正如我们已经指出的，有一些数据表明，破坏性的冲动在某些情况下可能是相对不可控制的，可能会产生破坏性的结果。但是，在这些患者中，发作性攻击性可以与杏仁核和颞叶结构中特定的癫痫焦点联系起来的患者数量是相当有限的。在这些个体中﹐由这些功能异常的大脑部位的电脉冲的放电所推动的自发性破坏性攻击的概念﹐不能作为理解攻击的性质和功能的充分基础。然而，它确实有助于我们界定攻击谱系的一种极化表现形式（Mark和Ervin，1970年）。 Even in these selected cases where epileptic focuses can be specifically linked with outbursts of destructive behavior, the appearance of the dysrhythmia is not entirely autonomous and may reflect complex interactions with other physiological and motivational barriers. And also, it cannot be said that the relationship between aggression and the occurrence of psychomotor seizures is a direct relationship. Specific instances of ictal aggression are difficult to demonstrate and even some of the patients reported by Mark and Ervin (1970) have shown improvement in aggressive behavior as a result of stereotactic amygdalotomy, but their psychomotor seizures have not abated. A recent study, moreover, has suggested that as a general rule psychomotor seizures are not associated with aggressive or destructive behavior, but that if the patient is physically restrained during a confusional state he might react in a defensive manner that might be interpreted as aggressive assault. However, if the patient is left to his own devices during the seizure episode, his behavior is generally limited to somewhat confused and aimless automatic behavior. 即使在这些选定的病例中，癫痫焦点可以与爆发性破坏行为具体联系起来，但失常的出现也不是完全自主的，可能反映了与其他生理和动机障碍的复杂相互作用。而且，也不能说攻击行为与精神运动性发作[精神运动性发作是癫痫的一种]的发生是直接的关系。具体的发作性攻击实例很难证明，甚至Mark和Ervin(1970)报道的部分患者在立体定向杏仁核切除术后，攻击行为有所改善，但其精神运动性发作并没有减轻。此外，最近的一项研究表明，作为一般规则，精神运动性发作与攻击性或破坏性行为无关，但如果病人在混乱状态下受到身体限制，他可能会做出防御性反应，这可能被解释为攻击性攻击。然而，如果在癫痫发作期间任由病人自行其是，他的行为一般仅限于有些混乱和无目的的自动行为。 Certainly the connection between limbic system structures and aggressive behavior has been well established in animals, and probably can also be reasonably presumed to be involved in human aggressive behavior as well. While psychomotor seizures are known to originate from sites within the limbic system, there may be other mechanisms that underlie specifically aggressive acting-out. But we can, at this point of our knowledge, by no means state unequivocally that the epileptic discharge in such specific brain centers as the amygdala are unequivocally associated with aggressive behaviors as a direct effect of the brain discharge without other complicating and modifying motivational or situational factors which may serve to channel the basically physiologically impulse into forms of destructive expression (Rodin, 1973). Consequently even in this narrowly selected category of aggressive behavior, we cannot conclude that man is constantly driven by a bombardment of aggressive impulses which are somehow struggling for expression. 当然，边缘系统结构与攻击行为之间的联系在动物中已被确立，而且很可能也可以合理地推测它也与人类的攻击行为有关。虽然已知精神运动性发作来源于边缘系统内的部位，但可能还有其他机制是具体攻击性行为的基础。但是，在我们的知识的这一点上，我们绝对不能明确地说，在没有其他复杂的和修饰性的动机或情境因素的情况下，在杏仁核这样特定的大脑中枢的癫痫放电作为大脑放电的直接效应，明确地与攻击性行为相关联，这些因素可能有助于将基本的生理冲动引导到破坏性的表达形式中去(Rodin，1973)。因此，即使是在这种狭义的攻击性行为类别中，我们也不能得出结论说，人不断地被攻击性冲动的轰炸所驱使，而这些冲动在某种程度努力表达自己。 Certainly we must ask ourselves what are the conditions under which excessive and destructive violence can be unleashed. The answers are complex and varied. Rollo May, for example, appeals to "powerlessness" as the underlying motivational circumstance which unleashes violent reaction (May, 1972). Related to this, is Fromm's notion of boredom (1973). Fromm sees boredom as not due to external circumstances, in terms of absence of excitation or stimulation, but as a subjective factor within the personality which reflects an inability to respond to objects in the environment with any real sense of interest. Boredom thus resembles the patterns of apathetic and lethargic disinterest so often seen in depressed states. There is a lack of appetite, a lack of interest or responsiveness to events or persons, and a feeling of powerlessness and incapacity which leads only to a sense of doleful resignation. Often such individuals in milder states of boredom, usually unconscious, are constantly seeking new stimulation, new excitement. 当然，我们必须扪心自问，在什么情况下可以释放出过度的破坏性暴力。答案是复杂而多样的。例如，罗洛梅呼吁将 "无力感 "作为释放暴力反应的基本动机环境（梅，1972年）。与此相关的，是弗洛姆的无聊概念（1973）。弗洛姆认为，无聊不是由于外部环境，即缺乏兴奋或刺激造成的，而是人格内部的主观因素，它反映了对环境中的客体无法做出任何真正意义上的兴趣反应。因此，无聊与抑郁状态中经常出现的冷漠和无精打采的不感兴趣的模式很相似。他们缺乏食欲，对事件或人缺乏兴趣或反应，有一种无力感和无能感，这只能导致一种无奈的认命感。通常这种人在较轻的无聊状态下，通常是无意识的，不断地寻求新的刺激、新的兴奋。 This attitude is so widely distributed that it seems almost a chronic and universal symptom of contemporary industrial society. There is an almost compulsive consumption of sex, liquor, drugs, travel, and the toys and trinkets that modern advertising and industrial productiveness dangle before our eyes. There is a chronic addiction to use and consumption, and the seeking of new and different experiences, things, people, and places. But, as Fromm points out, one of the important ways of dealing with boredom and escaping from it is through aggression—even to the point of violence and destructiveness. The expression of violence and destructiveness can provide an immediate outlet and relief from boredom, particularly for those who have not the resources, either financial, educational, or personal, to seek out other more constructive and productive means for relieving such inner boredom. 这种态度分布如此广泛，似乎几乎是当代工业社会的一种慢性和普遍症状。人们对性、酒、毒品、旅行以及现代广告和工业生产力在我们眼前晃动的玩具和小玩意几乎有一种强迫性的消费。人们长期沉迷于使用和消费，寻求新的和不同的经验、事情、人和地方。但是，正如弗洛姆所指出的，处理无聊和逃避无聊的重要方式之一是通过攻击——甚至是暴力和破坏性。暴力和破坏性的表达可以为无聊提供一个直接的出口和解脱，特别是对于那些没有财力、教育或个体资源以寻求其他更有建设性和生产性的手段来缓解这种内心的无聊的人来说。 Such an escape into excitement has been thought to be related to the development of juvenile delinquency as well. Many adolescents who have resorted to forms of delinquent behavior seem to have undertaken criminal acts for the purpose, in part at least, of relieving and overcoming a sense of boredom. Even in cases of murderous assault, such delinquents often describe a feeling of intense excitement, of feeling once and for all recognized and responded to, of finding recognition in the anguished and fear-ridden face of the victim. Such feelings have also been described in cases of sexual assault. 人们认为这种逃避到刺激中的行为也与青少年犯罪的发展有关。许多采取犯罪行为的青少年似乎是为了(至少在一定程度上是)为了缓解和克服无聊的感觉而犯罪。即使是在谋杀性攻击案件中，这类犯罪者也经常描述了一种强烈的兴奋感，感觉自己一劳永逸地得到了认可和回应，从受害者痛苦和恐惧的脸上找到了认可。在性侵犯案件中也描述了这种感觉。 There are perhaps good reasons to be concerned about the role of boredom and powerlessness and their relationship to aggressive behavior in contemporary society. The increase of boredom can be seen in relation to routinization of job tasks and the proliferation of mass production techniques. Most manual work is extremely monotonous and repetitive, and, consequently, is boring. Even white collar work tends to be boring in nature, because of the elaborate bureaucratic structure of managerial organizations, which leaves little room for responsibility or initiative to the individual functioning within the structure. It can certainly be suggested at this point, that in the syndrome of boredom we can recognize an aspect of the depressive component which relates to the operation of the paranoid process. 也许有充分的理由关注当代社会中无聊和无力感的作用及其与攻击性行为的关系。从工作任务的常规化和大规模生产技术的扩散可以看出无聊感的增加。大多数体力劳动都是极其单调和重复的，因此，也是无聊的。即使是白领的工作也往往是枯燥的，因为管理组织的繁复的官僚结构，几乎没有给在结构中运作的个体留下责任感或主动性的空间。在这一点上，当然可以说，在无聊综合征中，我们可以认识到与偏执过程的运作有关的抑郁成分的一个方面。