Paranoid Process 偏执过程 The burden of the problem for our purposes in this present study is that both of these forms of aggression are specifically manifestations of the paranoid process. In fact, the interplay of the pathological and the altruistic can be seen very clearly in the case of Fred. It is quite clear in such cases that, if a valid distinction can be drawn between anger and hostility or destructiveness, these patients are incapable of making the distinction or find it extremely troublesome (Rothenberg, 1971). As was the case with my patient Fred, it was quite clear that many of the situations to which he reacted so strongly and with such paranoid feelings were situations which involved perhaps reasonable circumstances for anger. But his anger could not be kept within the limits of constructive reaction and appropriate dissent. Instead the paranoid process quickly took over and pushed his reaction in the direction of destructive hostility. Instead of anger, therefore, serving as an alerting phenomenon, which provided the basis for mobilization of effective resources and for the communication of intents and purposes with others who were similarly angered by the situations he was dealing with, Fred's rage quickly assumed a degree of intensity and hostility which left no room for corrective action, but which went directly to the inexorable extreme of wishing to completely destroy and obliterate the object of his aggression. 就我们本研究的目的而言，问题的负担在于，这两种形式的攻击行为都是偏执过程的具体表现。事实上，在弗雷德的病例中，可以非常清楚地看到病态形式和利他形式的相互作用。在这种情况下，很明显的是，如果能在 愤怒 和 敌意或破坏性 之间做出有效的区分，那么这些病人是无法做出区分的，或者觉得非常麻烦（Rothenberg，1971）。就像我的病人弗雷德的情况一样，很明显，许多他反应如此强烈和有如此偏执的感觉的情况，都是涉及到也许是合理的愤怒的情况。但他的愤怒不能保持在建设性的反应和适当的异议的范围内。相反，偏执过程很快就接管了他的反应，并把他的反应推向了破坏性的敌意的方向。因此，弗雷德不是正常人的愤怒，即作为一种警觉现象，为 调动有效资源 和 与其他同样被他所处理的情况激怒的人交流意图和目的 提供基础 的愤怒，而是暴怒，这种暴怒迅速达到了一定程度的强烈和敌意，使他没有采取纠正行动的余地，而是直接走向了希望彻底摧毁和消灭其攻击目标的不可阻挡的极端。 What clearly motivated this shift from a level of anger to a level of hostile destructiveness was the influence of the paranoid ideation which saw the object of aggression as powerful, destructive, hostile, and capable of coldly and malevolently crushing Fred and the other helpless and powerless victims with whom he associated himself. Consequently moderation and compromise were incapable of dealing with the causes of his anger since they allowed for the persistence and existence of the powerful persecutor. Thus the destructive impulse flows out of the feeling of anxiousness and helplessness and powerlessness, rather than out of the feelings of anger themselves. The normal person is able to feel and exploit anger in the interests of obtaining objectives or in righting wrongs. But where the operation of the paranoid process becomes too overwhelming, the need to lash out blindly and destroy the enemy becomes overpowering. 促使他从愤怒转变为敌对的破坏性的原因显然是偏执思维的影响，这种思维认为攻击目标是强大的、破坏性的、敌对的，能够冷酷地、恶意地压垮弗雷德和其他与他有联系的无助和无力的受害者。因此，节制和妥协无法处理导致他愤怒的原因，因为它们允许强大的迫害者的持续和存在。因此，破坏性的冲动是从焦虑、无助和无力的感觉中流露出来的，而不是从愤怒的感觉本身流露出来的。正常人为了获得目标或纠正错误，能够感受和利用愤怒。但如果偏执过程的运作过于压倒一切，盲目发火、消灭敌人的需求就会变得无比强烈。