Violence in War 战争中的暴力 A similar expression of the wish to violence has been studied in a recent paper by Gault (1971). He analyzed his experience in interviewing a number of young Vietnam veterans who had in one way or another participated in slaughter during their Vietnam tours of duty. The circumstances under which such a propensity to slaughter other human beings can be mobilized and activated in otherwise relatively normal young men were somewhat complex and related to the peculiar nature of the Vietnam conflict. In the first place, there was a great deal of uncertainty about who the enemy was and where he was. United States combat troops in Vietnam perceived intense hatred and physical threat from nearly every quarter. The combat soldier cannot distinguish farmer from terrorist, innocent youth from Vietcong spy. He begins to perceive his entire environment as hostile and trying to murder him. 高尔特(1971年)最近的一篇论文研究了类似的暴力愿望的表达。他分析了他采访一些年轻的越战老兵的经验，这些老兵在越战期间以某种方式参与了屠杀。在什么情况下，这种屠杀他人的倾向能在原本相对正常的年轻人身上被调动和激活，这有些复杂，与越南冲突的特殊性有关。首先，敌人是谁，他在哪里，存在着很大的不确定性。驻越美军作战部队几乎从每一个角落都能感受到强烈的仇恨和人身威胁。战斗士兵无法区分农民和恐怖分子，无辜青年和越共间谍。他开始认为他的整个环境是敌对的，并试图谋杀他。 In such a situation of pervasive hostility, the young soldier forms a desperate trust and loyalty to his own immediate combat unit and rigidly regards everything else in his environment, no matter what age or sex or condition, as part of the ubiquitous, murderous enemy. 在这种敌意弥漫的情况下，年轻的士兵对自己的直属战斗单位形成了一种绝望的信任和忠诚，并僵硬地将环境中的其他一切事物，无论年龄、性别或状况如何，都视为无处不在、杀气腾腾的敌人的一部分。 Secondly, the enemy is dehumanized in various ways. The degradation of the enemy is essential to the psychology of any combat team from whom homicide is expected. The enemy were regarded as "Gooks." They were regarded as strange, inscrutable, profoundly different, and incomprehensible to Western notions. Killing the enemy, consequently, was not like killing real human beings. There was also a tendency toward dissolution of responsibility which tended to remove the combat soldier from the direct situation of deliberately killing another human being. Moreover, technology places a considerable distance between the killer and the killed. The respective roles of executioner and bombardier are psychologically very different indeed. 第二，敌人被以各种方式非人化。降格敌人对任何一个预期会杀人的战斗小组的心理都是至关重要的。敌人被视为 "Gook"。他们被认为是奇怪的、难以捉摸的、与西方人的观念截然不同的、难以理解的。因此，杀死敌人，并不像杀死真正的人。还有一种责任消解的倾向，这往往使战斗士兵脱离了故意杀死另一个体的直接情境。此外，技术使杀人者和被杀者之间有了相当大的距离。刽子手和投弹手各自的角色在心理上确实有很大不同。 Moreover the conditions of jungle warfare increase the level of anxiety and the feeling of helplessness and vulnerability. The enemy is often unseen. Comrades are shot down without a visible enemy to shoot back at. Mines can often explode and kill or maim with no enemy to serve as the object of retaliation. The rage and the wish to revenge such outrages become intolerable. Gault reports one young sergeant who said matter-of-factly after the wanton devastation of a small village, "We took too many casualties. Somebody had to pay." 此外，丛林战的条件增加了焦虑程度和无助感和脆弱感。敌人往往是看不见的。战友被击落后，没有可见的敌人可以回击。地雷往往可以在没有敌人作为报复对象的情况下爆炸致死或致残。暴怒和报复这种暴行的愿望变得无法容忍。高尔特报告说，一名年轻的中士在一个小村庄被肆意破坏后，实事求是地说："我们伤亡太多。总得有人付出代价"。 In the dehumanizing context of warfare in general, and particularly in the stressful context of the Vietnam conflict, civilized conventions and the inner prohibitions are often suspended. In the face of the pressure to kill or be killed, the civilized virtues of trust, gentleness, restraint, and decency have little utility. In such a situation the psychopathic tendencies are easily unleashed, and the psychopathic character becomes the natural leader in the expression of aggression. The psychopath finds himself at last in a world that is suited to his inner propensities. He is ready for the expression of violence without the burdens of empathy or compassion that inhibit others. His conduct is often selfless, heroic, exemplary. 在一般战争的非人化背景下，尤其是在越战冲突的紧张背景下，文明的约定和内心的禁止往往被悬置。在杀人或被杀的压力面前，信任、温和、克制、得体等文明美德几乎没有用武之地。在这样的情况下，精神变态的倾向很容易被释放出来，在表达攻击性时，精神变态的性格就成了天然领袖。精神变态者发现自己终于来到了一个适合他内心倾向的世界。他已经做好了表达暴力的准备，没有同情心或怜悯心的负担，这些东西会抑制他人。他的行为往往是无私的、英雄的、模范的。 If we reflect for a moment on these dimensions of the phenomenon of slaughter, it becomes clear that they are manifestations of the operation of the paranoid process. The inner sense of threat and helplessness sets up a situation in which the persecuting enemy is universalized and is seen as increasingly destructive and malignant. The paranoid dynamics operate in such a way as to dictate that such an enemy is to be blindly and wantonly destroyed. It is the universal paradigm for the expression of violence. 如果我们对屠杀现象的这些层面进行一下反思，就会发现，这些都是偏执过程运作的表现。内心的威胁感和无助感设置了一个情境，在其中迫害性无处不在，而且越来越具有破坏性和危险。偏执动力学运作方式决定了这样的敌人是要被盲目地、肆意地消灭的。这是暴力表达的普遍范式。