Developmental Aspects 发展方面 In approaching the relationship of aggression to the paranoid process, it is well to keep Anna Freud's recent cautions in mind (1972). She comments on the tendency to transfer the basic paradigm developed in relations to libidinal impulses to the realm of aggressive impulses. In the beginning of life, both libidinal and aggressive processes take the mother as their primary target. The cathexis of both drives can be regarded as anaclitic, as reflecting the satisfying and/or frustrating functions of the mother in response to the infant's needs. But as development progresses, the lines of sexual and aggressive development begin to diverge. 在处理攻击性与偏执过程的关系时，最好牢记安娜弗洛伊德最近的告诫（1972年）。她评论了将在力比多冲动关系中形成的基本范式转移到攻击性冲动领域的趋势。在生命之初，力比多和攻击性的过程都以母亲为主要目标。这两种驱力的精神投入可以被视为情感依附的，反映了母亲对婴儿需求的满足和/或挫折功能。但随着发展的进展，性发展和攻击性发展的界限开始分化。 Libidinal development progresses toward an increasing independence of needs and tensions in the direction of object constancy. Consequently libidinal development tends toward a more or less permanent loving attachment, which is rooted in the total personality of the subject and directed toward the total personality of the object. But the aggressive drive tends to remain anaclitic more consistently and thoroughly in that it is more closely tied to the dimensions of pleasure-pain, and satisfaction-frustration. There is no tendency in the development of aggression toward object-constancy. Rather the activation and attachment to the object of aggression tend to be intermittent and transient. As Anna Freud observes: 力比多的发展朝着客体恒定的方向发展，越来越独立于需要和紧张。因此，力比多的发展趋向于或多或少的永久的爱的依恋，这种爱的依恋植根于主体的整体人格，并指向客体的整体人格。但攻击性的驱力倾向于更持续、更彻底地保持情感依附，因为它更紧密地与快乐-痛苦、满足-挫折这些维度联系在一起。在攻击性的发展过程中，并没有向着客体恒定的方向发展的趋势。相反，对攻击客体的激活和依恋往往是间歇性和短暂性的。正如安娜-弗洛伊德所言： We call a "good lover" one who is faithful to his objects, i.e. constant in cathecting them. In contrast, the "good hater is promiscuous, i.e. he has free aggression at his disposal and is ready to cathect with it on a non-permanent basis any object who, either by his actions or his characteristics, offers adequate provocation (1972, p. 166). 我们称一个 "好情人 "是对他的客体忠诚的人，即不断地对他们进行精神投入。与此相反，"好的憎恶者是滥情的，即他有自由的攻击可供支配，并准备好在非永久性的基础上对任何客体精神投入，无论是通过他的行动还是他的特征，只要该客体提供足够的刺激(1972年，第166页)。 The interesting exception to this tendency for aggressive expression is the paranoid state, in which the hatred of the paranoid patient is relatively permanently attached to the figure of the persecutor. Ms. Freud, however, is unwilling to allow even this exception, since she regards the pathological fixation in paranoia as a vicissitude of libido rather than expression of the aggressive drive. In the view presented here, the fixity of the paranoid aggression is related to its derivation from the introject. As we have discussed it, this is clearly related to Ms. Freud's description of the "identification with the aggressor." The fixity of the projection is ultimately rooted in the persistency of the introject and its organization of internal aggressive impulses. Obviously the vicissitudes of both libido and aggression are tied up in this aspect of the paranoid economy, along with the masochism which serves as its internal counterpart. 这种攻击性表达倾向的有趣的例外是偏执状态，在这种状态下，偏执病人的仇恨相对地永久地附着在迫害者的形象上。然而，弗洛伊德女士甚至不愿意允许这种例外，因为她认为偏执症中的病理固着是一种力比多的变迁，而不是攻击驱力的表达。在这里提出的观点中，偏执攻击性的固着性与它从内摄中衍生出来有关。正如我们所讨论的那样，这显然与弗洛伊德女士所描述的 "对攻击者的认同 "有关。投射的固着性归根结底是源于内摄物的持久性及其对内部攻击性冲动的组织。显然，力比多和攻击性的变迁 与作为其内部对应物的受虐性一起，被捆绑在偏执经济的这个方面。 The quality of the internal aggression and the capacity to direct it effectively is a function of the child's developmental history and the emerging capacity to bind aggression. The infant's aggressive response to the restricting, confining, or impinging aspects of the mothering situation are at first diffusely directed but gradually become attached to the primary object. By the end of the first year, both libidinal and aggressive impulses are directed toward the mothering object. The binding of aggression in the subsequent phases of development constitutes a major step forward. The child learns to master his aggressive impulses in a variety of ways, but perhaps the most decisive influences are the binding of aggressive impulses with the help of the libidinal investment in the object. In part this constitutes what Melanie Klein has described as the "depressive position" but from another point of view it is a reflection of a successful developmental course which allows for the gradual integration and neutralization of aggressive impulses. 内在攻击性的质量和对其进行有效引导的能力，是儿童发展史和新出现的束缚攻击性的能力的函数。婴儿对养育情境中的限制、约束或冲击方面的攻击性反应，起初是弥漫性的，但逐渐成为对主要客体的依恋。到一岁末，力比多冲动和攻击性冲动都指向养育性客体。在随后的发展阶段中，攻击性的束缚构成了一个重大的进步。儿童学会以各种方式掌握他的攻击性冲动，但最决定性的影响也许是借助于对客体的力比多投资来约束攻击性冲动。这在一定程度上构成了梅兰妮克莱因所描述的 "抑郁心位"，但从另一个角度来看，它反映了一个成功的发展过程，它使攻击性冲动得以逐渐融合和中和。 A significant amount of neutralization is achieved in very gratifying and pleasurable ways during what Mahler (1968) describes as the "practicing period." The child's interaction with the environment becomes highly charged with aggression and in the mastery of his environment the child learns to employ successfully and productively his aggressive impulses. Aggression plays a role not only in the demolishing and manipulating of playthings, but reflects itself also in the wish to master the loved object and to focus and fix the mother's affection in the first instance, and increasingly also the father's. Aggression has its place in this aspect of mastery as well (Frijling-Schreuder, 1972). We will have more to say about these developmental vicissitudes of aggression later on. 在马勒(1968)所描述的 "练习期"，大量的中和是以非常令人满意和愉悦的方式实现的。儿童与环境的相互作用变得具有高度的攻击性，在对环境的掌握中，儿童学会了成功地、富有成效地运用他的攻击性冲动。攻击性不仅在拆卸和操纵玩物中起作用，而且还反映在希望掌握所爱的客体，并在第一时间聚焦和固定母亲的感情，而且越来越多地也是父亲的感情。攻击性在掌握的这一方面也有它的位置(Frijling-Schreuder, 1972)。关于攻击性的这些发展变迁，我们在后面会有更多的论述。