Introjection of Aggression 对攻击的内摄 As is quite evident in our own patients, difficulties with aggression begin in the earliest phases of their life histories. The problem brings into focus the origins and influences on the basic introjective and projective processes by which the child's emerging personality is shaped. These influences are closely related to the patterns of gratification and frustration which emerge from the parent-child interaction. The mothering figures around the child, usually the mother herself, are the primarily responsible agents for satisfying essential needs. Gratifying the child's needs undoubtedly conveys a certain degree of pleasure, but inevitably the frustration and delay that must be encountered in the interface between mother and child introduces an element of frustration. This frustration and denial of gratification become a source of unpleasure for the child and stirs his aggression. 在我们自己的病人身上非常明显地看到，攻击性的困难开始于他们生命史的最早阶段。这个问题使人们注意到基本的内摄和投射过程的起源和影响，而儿童出现的人格正是通过这些过程形成的。这些影响与亲子互动中出现的满足和挫折模式密切相关。孩子身边的养育形象，通常是母亲本人，是满足基本需要的主要责任者。满足孩子的需求无疑会传递出一定程度的快乐，但在母子之间的互动中，不可避免地要遇到挫折和延迟，这就引入了挫折的因素。这种挫折感和拒绝满足成为孩子不愉快的根源，并激起他的攻击性。 This interplay of maternal responsiveness and frustration serves as the basis for an emerging dialectic of love and hate. In the first instance, the mother becomes the object of love insofar as she is a gratifying object, and she becomes the object of hate insofar as she is the cause of the infant's discomfort and the feeling of helplessness due to his inability to relieve his own pain. The frustrating mother then undermines the child's sense of narcissistic omnipotence. The child cannot help but feel his helplessness. The child's narcissistic rage rushes to the aid of his threatened omnipotence. Thus even from the earliest phases of his experience the child's aggression is stirred, even though it cannot be clearly differentiated from discomfort or distress. 母性的响应和挫折间的这种相互作用是正在形成的爱与恨的辩证法的基础。在第一种情况下，母亲成为爱的对象，因为她是一个满足的对象，而她成为恨的对象，因为她是婴儿感到不舒服的原因，也是婴儿因无法减轻自己的痛苦而感到无助的原因。令人沮丧的母亲就破坏了孩子的自恋全能感。孩子不能不感到自己的无助。孩子的自恋愤怒冲向了他受到威胁的全能感。因此，即使从他经历的最初阶段开始，儿童的攻击性就被激发出来了，尽管它不能与不适或痛苦明确区分开来。 As the child's internal capacity develops, he gradually establishes a dichotomy between good and bad objects, by means particularly of the interplay of introjection and projection. In the beginning the self and the world of objects are poorly differentiated, so that the shifting of hostility from self to objects and objects to self is rather fluid. As self-object differentiation progresses, the child attempts to rid himself of the hostile elements by projecting them onto the bad object. The good object does not withhold or deny gratification, but the bad object often does. As Bychowski (1966) observes: 随着儿童内在能力的发展，他特别是通过内摄和投射的相互作用，逐渐建立起对好坏客体的二分法。刚开始时，自体和客体世界的分化程度很低，因此，从自体到客体、从客体到自体的敌意转移是相当不稳定的。随着自体-客体分化的进展，儿童试图通过将敌意元素投射到坏客体上来让自己摆脱它们。好客体不会扣留或拒绝满足，但坏客体常常会这样做。正如Bychowski(1966)所观察到的那样： The infant must resort to overpowering violence in order to force gratification and response from the stronger, bad objects. The demands of omnipotence require that the gratification be unconditional. The child's sense of weakness and vulnerability set up the conditions for the introjection of the bad object, equivalent to the process of identification with the aggressor. The intense ambivalence and the necessity of splitting form the basis of the introjection of the bad introject and impede the process of positive integration both of object representations and ultimately internal structures. 婴儿必须采取过激的暴力手段，以迫使强壮的坏客体给予满足和回应。全能性的要求，要求满足是无条件的。儿童的弱小感和脆弱感为坏客体的内摄创造了条件，相当于对攻击者的认同过程。强烈的矛盾性和分裂的必要性构成了坏客体内摄的基础，阻碍了客体表征和最终内部结构的正面整合过程。 The results of such processes at their pathological worst are seen in psychotic patients, and are quite dramatically presented in paranoid pathology. This is quite apparent in our own psychotic patients, in whom the persistent and unintegrated bad object persists as a malignant and horribly destructive introject, which serves as the basis for the paranoid projection. The primitive and archaic characteristics of the bad objects are thus preserved. Consequently, primitive and highly destructive oral and anal rage has a tendency to persist without significant degrees of neutralization. The primitive and destructive character of this rage can be identified in childhood nightmares and in the pathological projections of some of our patients. The patient in dreams may see himself as the victim of horrible monsters which pursue him with the intention of torturing and destroying him. But when the projective defense is not operating, the patient may fee himself to be a horribly destructive and sadistic monster. As Bychowski puts it, "The archaic image of the self and the archaic images of the original love-hate objects undergo a process of interpenetration as a result of early projections and introjections."(1966, p. 176). He goes on to describe this process in the following terms: 这种过程在病理上最糟糕的结果在精神病患者身上看到了，并且相当戏剧性地呈现在偏执病理中。这一点在我们自己的精神病患者身上表现得相当明显，在他们身上，持久的、未被整合的坏客体作为一种恶性的、可怕的破坏性的内摄物持续存在，它作为偏执投射的基础。坏客体的原始和古旧特征就这样被保留了下来。因此，原始的、破坏性极强的口和肛暴怒有持续存在的趋势，没有明显的中和程度。这种暴怒的原始性和破坏性特征可以从儿童时期的噩梦和我们一些患者的病理投射中发现。病人在梦中可能把自己看成是可怕的怪物的受害者，这些怪物追逐他，意图折磨和毁灭他。但是，当投射防御没有发挥作用的时候，病人可能会把自己当成一个可怕的破坏性和虐待性的怪物。正如拜乔斯基所说："由于早期的投射和内摄，自体的古旧形象和原始爱恨客体的古旧形象经历了一个相互渗透的过程。"(1966，p.176)。他接着用以下词语来描述这个过程。 This interpenetration of hostility contributes to the formation of archaic object representations, which become an important depository of primitive destructive hostility. In a predisposed psychic organization distorted representations of the original love-hate objects remain split off and isolated from the rest of the ego, and therefore may at some future time become the source of serious psychopathology. In such formations hostility is externalized and projected onto the original love-hate objects or their derivatives, which then assume the status of an arch enemy and persecutor (1966, pp. 190-91). 敌意的这种相互渗透有助于形成古老的客体表征，成为原始破坏性敌意的重要存放地。在一个先天的心理组织中，原始爱恨客体的扭曲表征仍然是分裂的，与自我的其他部分隔离开来，因此在未来的某个时间可能会成为严重精神病理的根源。在这样的形态中，敌意被外化，并投射到原来的爱恨客体或它们的衍生物上，然后它们就承担了宿敌和迫害者的地位(1966，第190-91页)。 One of the major vicissitudes of such hostility is the turning of anger against the self. The primitive superego releases against the self the hostility and destructiveness which cannot be discharged either toward the original hate objects or their substitutes. The patient makes himself the object of his own destructive, narcissistic wrath. The turning of aggression inward is not the whole story, however, since the process involves a dual identification—both with the sadistic and hostile aggressor and with the passive and vulnerable victim. 这种敌意的一个主要变迁是将愤怒转向自体。原始的超我对自体释放出敌意和破坏性，这些敌意和破坏性既不能向最初的仇恨客体也不能向其替代品释放。病人使自己成为自己的破坏性、自恋性愤怒的客体。然而，攻击性向内的转向并不是故事的全部，因为这个过程涉及到双重认同--既与虐待性和敌对性的攻击者认同，又与被动和脆弱的受害者认同。