Paranoid Hostility 偏执敌意 While the schizoid and psychopathic varieties of hostility are relatively infrequent, there is good reason to suggest that the paranoid variety of hostility is far more broadly distributed in the population. I would like to cite at this juncture a paragraph or two from the pen of Anthony Storr, which are entirely congruent with the focus and direction not only of this chapter but of this entire study. He writes: 虽然分裂样和精神变态型的敌意相对较少，但有充分的理由表明，偏执型的敌意在人口中的分布更为广泛。在此，我想引用安东尼斯托尔笔下的一两段话，这些话不仅与本章的重点和方向，而且与整个研究的重点和方向完全一致。他写道： Although most obvious in the insane, the capacity for paranoid projection is, regrettably, not confined to them. Indeed, we must assume that the whole of mankind possesses some underlying paranoid potential. When discussing depression, it is indicated that most people, at least in our culture, know what it is to be depressed. But depression is, in nearly every instance, a transient condition from which, whether mild or severe, the majority of persons recover. The tendency toward paranoid projection, though more deeply buried in "normal" people, is far less intermittent and even more ubiquitous than the tendency toward depression (1968, p. 96)... 虽然在精神病患者身上表现得最为明显，但遗憾的是，偏执投射能力并不限于他们。事实上，我们必须假设全人类都拥有一些潜在的偏执潜能。在讨论抑郁时，有人表示，至少在我们的文化中，大多数人都知道什么是抑郁。但是，几乎在每一个例子中，抑郁都是一种短暂的状况，无论轻度还是重度，大多数人都能从中恢复。偏执投射的倾向，虽然在 "正常 "的人身上埋藏得更深，但比起抑郁的倾向，它的间歇性要小得多，甚至更普遍（1968年，第96页）…… He goes on, then, to add some of his own evidence, which must be compiled with the evidence presented in this study. He says: 然后，他接着补充了一些自己的证据，这些证据必须与本研究中提出的证据汇编到一起。他说： It will, no doubt, seem offensive and incredible to suggest that ordinary people have hidden paranoid tendencies and a proclivity for brutality. Yet the evidence is there. Public executions are still exciting spectacles to which mothers take their children in parts of the so-called civilized world: and it is not so long since, in our own country, traitors were dragged through the streets and publically castrated before the executioner finally dispatched them. It is a mistake to believe the ordinary man is not capable of the extremes of cruelty. We would like to believe that guards in the German concentration camps can be classified as abnormal, but many seem to have been ordinary men whose taste for cruelty had only to be reinforced by training and example for them to become accustomed to the daily, wanton infliction of abominable pain and humiliation... but the catalogue of human cruelty is so long and the practice of torture so ubiquitous, that it is impossible to believe sadism is confined to a few abnormals. Indeed, any writer who dwells upon the details of man's cruelty to man, is likely to be accused of merely seeking the widest public for his work rather than making a serious contribution to understanding, a fact that demonstrates the universality of public interest in the subject. We have to face the fact that man's proclivity for cruelty is rooted in his biological peculiarities, in common with his capacity for conceptual, for speech, and for creative achievement (1968, pp. 98-99). 毫无疑问，如果说普通人有隐藏的偏执倾向和残暴倾向，这似乎令人不快和难以置信。然而，证据就在那里。在所谓文明世界的部分地区，公开处决仍然是母亲带着孩子去看的激动人心的场面：在我们自己的国家，叛徒在刽子手最终将他们杀死之前，被拖过街道，公开阉割的做法，并不久远。如果认为普通人无法做到极端的残忍，那就错了。我们愿意相信，德国集中营的看守可以被归为不正常的人，但许多人似乎都是普通人，他们对残酷的嗜好只需通过训练和榜样来加强，他们才会习惯于每天肆意施加可恶的痛苦和羞辱……但人类的残酷行为目录是如此之长，酷刑的做法是如此之普遍，以至于不可能相信虐待主义只限于少数不正常的人。事实上，任何作家如果纠缠于人对人的残忍细节，很可能会被指责为只是为他的作品寻求最广泛的公众，而不是对理解作出认真的贡献，这一事实表明公众对这一主题的兴趣是普遍的。我们必须面对这样一个事实，即人的残忍倾向植根于他的生物特性，与他的概念能力、言语能力和创造性成就的能力是共同的（1968年，第98-99页）。