Maternal Destructiveness 母亲的破坏性 Nature. The interaction between mother and child, viewed from the aspect of the mother's attitude and responsiveness to the child, is a mixture of influences which affect and facilitate the healthy development of the child along with influences which bring that development into jeopardy or actually impair it in various ways. The latter aspect of this interaction, which exercises a generally negative influence on the child's emerging self, is what we have in mind by the notion of maternal destructiveness. What is in question, then, is not of the order of malevolent intentions on the part of the mother or explicit destructive impulses which reach the level of conscious awareness. Such impulses are frequently enough consciously available, but in the common run of mothering experience such impulses more frequently remain at an unconscious and repressed level, even though their expression is detectable by careful clinical evaluation. 本质。母亲和孩子之间的互动,从母亲对孩子的态度和响应能力的角度来看,是两类影响的混合。第一类影响，影响和促进孩子的健康发展，第二类影响，将发展带到危险境地或者以不同的方式损害它。这种互动的后一方面，通常会对孩子形成中的自体产生负面影响，这就是我们脑海中母亲破坏性的概念。那么，我们所讨论的，并不是母亲的恶意意图，也不是达到意识觉察水平的明确的破坏性冲动。这种冲动常常是有意识的，但在常见的养育经验中，这种冲动更频繁地保持在无意识和被压抑的水平，即使它们的表现可以通过仔细的临床评估检测到。 The evidence regarding maternal destructiveness has been summarized and evaluated by Rheingold (1967). He comments: Rheingold(1967)总结和评估了有关母亲破坏性的证据。他评论道: There is both a negative and a positive mechanism of destructiveness: deprivation and threat. Deprivation refers to failure to provide adequate sustenance and protection and to the absence of maternal warmth and optimal stimulation. The positive pathogenic influence refers not just to rejection, cruelty, and reaction formations but to unconscious attitudes and impulses which may co-exist with genuine motherliness (p. 152). 破坏性的机制既有消极的，也有积极的[注意，无论消极的还是积极的，都是坏的]:缺乏[这是消极的]和威胁[这是主动的]。缺乏指的是不能提供足够的营养和保护，以及缺乏母爱的温暖和最佳的刺激。积极的致病影响不仅指拒绝、残忍和反作用的形成，还指无意识的态度和冲动，它们可能与真正的母爱共存(p. 152)。 However, maternal destructiveness does not seem to me to be a primary quality of the maternal response to the child, but rather it emerges as an essentially reactive phenomenon, responding to the underlying narcissistic vicissitudes. The relationship between the emergence of aggression and destructiveness—both directed toward external objects and against the self—in relationship to underlying narcissistic dynamics and vicissitudes has been amply documented in Rochlin's careful clinical analysis (1973). We have already discussed this fundamental point in the treatment of the defensive functions of the paranoid process. Thus maternal destructiveness must be seen as an explicit expression of the operation of the paranoid process in the context of mother-child interaction and as an expressly defensive reaction to the underlying narcissistic loss and impairment. 然而，在我看来，母亲的破坏性似乎不是母亲对孩子反应的主要特征，而是作为一种反应现象出现的，回应潜在的自恋的变迁。攻击性和破坏性的出现——既针对外部客体，也针对自体——与潜在的自恋动力学和变迁之间的关系在Rochlin仔细的临床分析(1973)中得到了充分的记录。在处理偏执过程的防御功能时，我们已经讨论了这个基本要点。因此，母亲的破坏性必须被视为在母子互动的背景下，偏执过程运作的一种明确表达，以及对潜在的自恋损失和损害的一种明确的防御反应。 The whole problem of maternal destructiveness is one which has emerged in repeated contexts in the course of this present study, particularly in relationship to the female children. We are reminded again of Freud's comments regarding the role of maternal destructiveness in the genesis of paranoia in female children (Freud, 1931). The role of maternal destructiveness can be documented in all of the cases of our study, not merely in those where the pathogenic influence is most extreme and destructive, as for example Ann or Ellen or Gloria, but even those where the paranoid process operates with considerably less destructive effect, but nonetheless carries a decisive influence on the character organization of the patient. 在本研究过程中，母性破坏性的整个问题反复出现，尤其是在与女性子女的关系中。我们再次想起弗洛伊德关于母亲的破坏性在女性儿童偏执的起源中的作用的评论(Freud, 1931)。母亲破坏性的作用可以在我们研究的所有病例中被记录下来，不仅仅是在那些致病影响最极端，破坏性最强的病例中，比如安娜，埃伦，格洛丽亚，甚至是在那些偏执过程破坏性较少，然而也对患者的性格特征起决定性作用的案例中。 Thus Karen's experience of her relationship to her mother was one of constant intrusion and control, developing in later aspects of her experience as a constant undermining attack directed against her by her mother. As we have seen, the narcissistic underpinnings of such destructive attacks are relatively clear. We have seen repeatedly how the child becomes the victim of the mother's destructive attacks and correlatively introjects that victimized aspect of the mother, which is attacked as a consequence of its projection onto the child by the mother. The mother equivalently attacks in the child that displaced aspect of her own defective, weak, victimized, and helpless self, which she hates in herself and which provides a constant inherent flaw and nidus of narcissistic impairment and loss within the integrity of her own sense of self. The degree of internal defect and sense of narcissistic injury related to it determine the intensity and the destructiveness of the maternal attack on the child. 因此，卡伦与母亲的关系经历是一种不断的干扰和控制，在她后来的经历中发展成为母亲对她不断的削弱攻击。正如我们所见，这种破坏性攻击的自恋基础是相对清晰的。我们已经多次看到，孩子是如何成为母亲破坏性攻击的受害者，并关联地内摄母亲受害的一面的，而这一面是由于母亲将其投射到孩子身上而受到攻击的。母亲等价地攻击她自己有缺陷、脆弱、受害、无助的自体转置到孩子身上的一面，她憎恨自己的这一面，这一面，在她对自体自我感觉的完整性里，提供了一个持续的内在缺陷和自恋损害与丧失的病灶。内在缺陷的程度和与之相关的自恋伤害感决定了母亲对孩子攻击的破坏性。 Rejection. Maternal destructiveness can express itself in a wide variety of ways, which are often quite subtle and expressed in nuanced and indirect ways. The mother's unconscious and automatic response is to attempt to rid herself or to do away with the narcissistically offending object. Maternal rejection, therefore, is one of the basic channels through which maternal destructiveness may be expressed. Commenting on the rejection of defective children, Lax has observed: 拒绝。母亲的破坏性可以通过各种各样的方式来表达，这些方式通常非常微妙，而且表达的方式非常微妙和间接。母亲无意识和自动的反应是试图摆脱或远离冒犯自恋的客体。因此，母亲拒绝是母亲破坏性表现的基本途径之一。Lex对于对于缺陷孩子的拒绝有如下观察: Rejection of various degrees, culminating in the actual giving away of the child, is a reflection of the mother's need to emphasize her separateness from the child who symbolically represents her unconscious defective self. This type of mother, because of her narcissistic vulnerability, cannot tolerate the continuous mortification caused by an impaired child. Further, the defective child in these cases has to be rejected since it cannot serve as a narcissistically gratifying object choice or as a fulfillment of narcissistic needs (1972, p. 341). 不同程度的拒绝，最终以实际的放弃孩子而告终，反映了母亲需要强调她与孩子的分离，孩子象征着她无意识的缺陷自我。这种类型的母亲，由于她的自恋脆弱，不能容忍一个受损的孩子造成的持续的屈辱。此外，在这些病例中，有缺陷的孩子必须被拒绝，因为它不能作为 能满足自恋的客体选择 或 对自恋需求的满足(1972, p. 341)。 However, Anna Freud (1970) has correctly pointed out that rejection is a relatively imprecise notion which requires considerable specification. Rejection can occur in many ways and for many reasons—some good and some not so good. Some mothers do not take on the role of motherhood willingly or voluntarily, but have it forced on them. Their unwillingness may relate to external circumstances of their lives, financial, social, etc., or may relate to the unsatisfactory emotional climate in the family or the state of the affective relationship with the child's father. Many women are unsatisfied and humiliated at the implicit confrontation with their own femininity and consequently waver between rejection and acceptance of the maternal role. Mothers who are affected by schizoid withdrawal or even schizophrenic impairment cannot communicate the warmth and acceptance to the child which would be required for establishing a relatively normal symbiotic involvement. Such children are unavoidably brought up in a situation of relative rejection. 然而，安娜·弗洛伊德(1970)正确地指出，拒绝是一个相对不精确的概念，需要相当多的说明。拒绝可以以多种方式、出于多种原因发生——有好有坏。有些母亲并不是自愿或自愿承担做母亲的角色，而是被迫做。他们的不情愿可能与他们的生活、经济、社会等外部环境有关，也可能与家庭不满意的情绪氛围或与孩子父亲的情感关系有关。许多女性在与自身女性特质的隐式对抗中感到不满和羞辱，因而在拒绝和接受母亲角色之间摇摆不定。患有 分裂样退缩 或 甚至精神分裂障碍 的母亲不能向孩子传达温暖和接纳，而这是建立一种相对正常的共生关系所必需的。这样的孩子不可避免地在相对排斥的环境中长大。 Similarly physical separations from the mother, as when the mother goes on trips or must go to the hospital for an operation or delivery or other separation, for whatever reason, is inevitably experienced by the child as rejection. Even temporary separations can have a severe impact on the child (Bowlby, 1951). Even without physical separation, however, rejection can be experienced by the child in the face of significant variations in the libidinal attachment of the mother to the child. 同样，与母亲的身体分离，如母亲外出旅行 或 必须去医院做手术 或 分娩 或 其他任何原因的分离，都不可避免地会让孩子感到拒绝。即使是暂时的分离也会对孩子产生严重的影响(Bowlby, 1951)。然而，即使没有身体上的分离，面对母亲对孩子的力比多依恋的重大变化，孩子也会体验到拒绝。 Such fluctations or libidinal retreats may be experienced by the child as rejection. However, such libidinal withdrawals are part of the inevitable flux of experience in the course of the mother's own life. Other claims on her emotional investment will be made by other children, by her husband, and by other significant persons in the mother's life. Significant libidinal shifts are unavoidably attached to the coming of a new infant in the family in which the mother's libidinal attachment to the new infant inevitably implies a degree of withdrawal of libidinal attachment to the older siblings. Perhaps more devastating than any is the withdrawal of libidinal attachment due to the mother's depression. We have seen in a number of our cases the devastating effects of maternal depression on the child, who feels not only rejected and abandoned, but also feels somehow responsible for his mother's pain and for her abandonment of him. Such a dynamic unquestionably contributes to and reinforces the child's introjection of the victimized mother. 这种波动或力比多的退缩可能被孩子体验为拒绝。然而，这种力比多的收回是母亲自己生活过程中体验的不可避免的变动的一部分。对她情感投资的其他要求，将由其他孩子、她的丈夫 和 生活中的其他重要人物 提出。显著的力比多转移不可避免地依附于家庭中新生婴儿的出生，母亲对新生婴儿的力比多依恋不可避免地暗示了对哥哥姐姐的力比多依恋 一定程度的收回。也许比任何事情都更具破坏性的是 由于母亲的抑郁而导致的力比多依赖的收回。在很多病例中，我们都看到了母亲抑郁对孩子的毁灭性影响，孩子不仅感到被拒绝和被遗弃，而且还感到对母亲的痛苦和对自己的遗弃负有某种责任。这种动力无疑有助于并加强孩子对受害母亲的内摄。 Overprotection. Another and well-documented channel for the expression of maternal destructiveness is overprotection. Frequently such over-protection masks a strong rejection and serves as a compensation for such destructive feelings. Thus the overprotective and oversolicitous attitude toward the child serves as the opposite to the neglectful and indifferent attitude by which mothers may attempt to cope with the destructive and frequently murderous impulses toward their infants. These defensive postures nonetheless reflect unconscious feelings of self-hatred which are projected onto the child. The child then comes to represent the unconscious, negatively protected self-representation of the mother. 过度保护。另一个有充分证据证明的表达母亲破坏性的渠道是过度保护。通常，这种过度保护掩盖了强烈的拒绝，作为对这种破坏性感觉的一种补偿。因此，对孩子的 过分保护和过分关心的态度 与 忽视和冷漠的态度相反，通过前者，母亲可能会试图处理对婴儿的破坏性和经常的谋杀冲动。尽管如此，这些防御性的姿态反映了投射在孩子身上的无意识的自我憎恨的感觉。然后孩子就代表了母亲无意识的，被负面保护的自我表征。 The intensification of such attitudes is frequently elicited by illness or accident or deformity in the child. Such mothers tend to favor the weaker or more dependent children in the family. The mother's protectiveness expresses itself in excessive closeness to the child and a continuing of infantilization which results in impairment of the child's attempts to establish greater separateness and more independent behavior. Such guilt-driven compensatory protectiveness may take the form of giving in to the infantile demands of the child so that the latter's sense of infantile omnipotence is allowed to expand in an unmodified fashion. 这种态度的强化往往是由疾病、事故或孩子的残疾引起的。这样的母亲往往偏爱家庭中较弱或更依赖的孩子。母亲的保护表现在对孩子的过度亲近和持续的婴儿化中，这导致孩子试图建立更大的分离和更独立的行为的努力受到损害。这种由内疚驱动的补偿性保护可能会采取向孩子稚嫩的需求让步的形式，这样孩子的婴儿全能感就会被允许以一种未经修改的方式扩张。 Other mothers may exercise their oversolicitousness by preserving the child's dependency and maintaining themselves in the dominating position in the relationship. Such maternal overprotection involves an excessive constriction of the sense of infantile competence rather than its excessive expansion. Thus maternal indulgence can foster infantile omnipotence and maternal domination can foster infantile dependence and submissiveness. In either case the normal growth to autonomy in the child is subverted. The mother's compulsion to motherliness is dictated by the elements of her own ego-ideal. Her basic narcissism and the preservation of self-esteem demand that she live up to the dictates of the ego-ideal and thus respond compulsively to the implicit superego demand presented by the child (Levy, 1970). 其他的母亲可能通过 保持孩子对自己的依赖 和 保持自己在关系中的支配地位 来行使他们的过分关心。这种母亲的过度保护包括对婴儿能力的过度约束，而不是婴儿能力的过度扩张。因此，母亲的溺爱可以培养婴儿式全能，母亲的支配可以培养婴儿式的依赖和顺从。在任何一种情况下，孩子自主的正常成长都被破坏了。母亲对母性的强迫是由她自己的理想自我因素支配的。她的基本自恋和对自尊的保存要求她遵守理想自我的要求，因此不由自主地回应孩子提出的内隐的超我要求[此处超我是指母亲的超我](Levy, 1970)。 These patterns of maternal destructiveness unquestionably reflect attempts of the mother to resolve her own inner conflicts relative to the child. From the point of view of the children, however, what seems to be most decisive is not the mother's external behavior, but the unconscious attitude toward the child which underlies the behavior. The mother's unconscious regard toward the child has the most powerful influence on the organization of the child's feelings and attitudes about himself. The earliest symbiotic dependency of the child on the mother provides the context for assimilating the subliminal clues, which reflect the mother's inner attitudes and feelings and which have a fundamental bearing on the child's emerging sense of self. Though the child does not experience his mother's unconscious attitude in terms of total and unconditional acceptance, he introjects that attitude as part of the unconscious nucleus of his own attitudes toward himself. These form the basis of a negative self-image which may continue to function as a residual nidus of psychopathology even into adult life. 这些母亲破坏性的模式毫无疑问地反映了母亲试图解决自己与孩子有关的内在冲突。然而，从孩子的角度来看，最起决定作用的似乎不是母亲的外部行为，而是作为这种行为基础的对孩子的潜意识态度。母亲对孩子无意识的关心对 孩子对自己的感情和态度的组织 有最强大的影响。儿童对母亲最早的共生依赖为吸收潜意识的暗示提供了环境，这些暗示反映了母亲的内在态度和感受，对儿童逐渐形成的自体意识具有根本影响。虽然孩子没有体验到母亲的无意识态度，即完全无条件的接受[这说的是合格的母亲]，但他将这种态度作为自己对自己态度的无意识核心的一部分进行了内摄[这说的是不合格的母亲]。这些形成了负面的自体形象的基础，这种消极的自体形象可能会继续作为精神病理的残余病灶，甚至会影响到成人的生活。 Relation to Projection-Introjection. Any disparity between maternal expectations, so narcissistically determined as we have suggested, and the extent to which the child provides a suitable object for the reception of the mother's projection of the denied and hated parts of her own self, creates the matrix within which maternal destructiveness can operate. In the present study we have seen repeatedly the manner in which maternal depression has operated as an important component of the child's developmental matrix. Such depression sets the stage for and determines the child's identification with the devalued, victimized, vulnerable, and masochistically invested mother. 与投射-内摄的关系。母亲的期望 与 孩子提供一个可供母亲投射她自体中被否认及被憎恨部分 的客体的程度 之间的任何不一致，都创造了一个环境，在其中母亲的破坏性可以起作用。在目前的研究中，我们多次看到母亲的抑郁成为儿童发育环境的一个重要组成部分。这种抑郁为孩子和被贬低的、受害的、脆弱的、受虐的母亲之间的认同奠定了基础。 The dynamics of this complex circumstance of the child's development have been concisely articulated by Lax: 孩子发展的这一复杂情况的动力学被Lax简明地阐述为: The mutually satisfying mother-child interaction is interfered with by the extent to which mother's unrealistic wishes become a source of her disappointment in the baby, to which she therefore cannot respond as narcissistically gratifying. Her depression, a reaction of varying magnitude and duration, affects the mothering pattern and is expressed by the degree to which she finds the baby consciously or unconsciously unacceptable. All these factors, which are reflected in the earliest interplay between mother and child, invariably must affect the child's self-feelings and thus influence the forming kernel of his self-awareness. To the extent to which mother's attitude will be depressive and non-accepting, reflecting mother's injury caused by the unfulfilling qualities the child has for her, the child's early self-representation will be negatively cathected (1972, p. 343). 双方都满意的母子互动被在一定程度上干扰了，即母亲不切实际的愿望在多大程度上成为她对婴儿失望的根源，以及她因此在多大程度上不能以自恋的满意来回应。她的抑郁(一种不同程度和持续时间的反应)，影响着养育模式，并通过一种程度表现出来，即有意识或无意识地对孩子感到不可接受的程度。所有这些因素都反映在母亲和孩子最早的相互作用中，必然会影响孩子的自我感受，从而影响其形成中的自我意识的内核。孩子的早期自体表征将被负面地精神投入到一定程度上，即母亲的态度将在多大程度上是抑郁的和不接受的，这反映了母亲由孩子的不满足的品质所引起的伤害，(1972, p. 343)。 We have had occasion previously in the course of this study to call attention to the significance of beating fantasies, as often expressed in the form of screen memories or even dream fantasies. These often hold a prominent position in the psychopathology of female patients who demonstrate either a depressive or a paranoid form of psychopathology. The beating fantasy is essentially related to and reflects the underlying masochistic dynamics. It derives essentially from an unconscious wish located on one level in the phallic phase, but possibly also, we have already discussed, reflecting the earlier pregenital and particularly anal determinants. The Oedipally motivated unconscious fantasy of being beaten by the father is usually subject to repression and comes to light only in the analytic reconstruction. 在之前的研究过程中，我们有机会提醒大家注意殴打幻想的重要性，因为殴打幻想经常以屏幕记忆甚至是梦境幻想的形式表现出来。这些通常在表现出抑郁或偏执型精神病理的女性患者的精神病理学中占有突出地位。殴打幻想本质上与潜在的受虐狂动力有关并反映了这种动力学。它本质上来自于一种无意识的愿望，在阳具阶段的某个层面上，但也有可能，我们已经讨论过，反映了早期的前性器，尤其是肛门决定因素。俄狄浦斯情结所激发的被父亲殴打的无意识幻想通常受到压抑，只有在分析性的重建中才会显现出来。 A useful analysis of this phenomenon and its relevance to the developmental context has been provided by Brody (1970). Following the assumption of Freud's classic paper on the beating fantasy, in which that fantasy is taken to reflect the childhood perception of the primal scene as one of violent beating, Brody proposes that the major aspects of maternal attitudes and dynamics are determined by the unconscious wish to be beaten by the father. The resolution of the unconscious wish can take place in a variety of forms. Some women have a greater capacity to sublimate the wish and by way of reaction-formation change the wish into a need to be loved and accepted. Thus the passive wish is changed into an active one by regarding the needs of the child as greater than her own. Brody(1970)对这一现象及其与发展环境的相关性进行了有益的分析。根据弗洛伊德关于殴打幻想的经典论文的假设(这种幻想的反映了将原始场景作为暴力殴打的童年感知)，Brody认为,母亲的态度和动力学的主要方面是由无意识的希望被父亲殴打决定的。无意识愿望的解决可以以多种形式发生。有些女人有更大的能力升华愿望，通过反向形成的方式把愿望变成需要被爱和被接受。因此，通过把孩子的需求看得比自己的更大，被动的愿望就变成了主动的愿望。 While the wish to be beaten may be changed to a wish to have demands placed upon her, the acceptance may approach masochistic surrender unless the passive role of the beaten child is also changed by assuming active charge in superego-consistent ways. Other mothers may use greater degrees of repression in congruence with other defense mechanisms—often denial or projection. Such women are occasionally vulnerable to anxiety connected with the masochistic wish to be beaten or the sadistic counterpart to beat. Other women find the primary defense against the unconscious beating fantasy and wish in an identification with the aggressor. Thus the baby's passive position helps to support the mother's defensive level of activity. Usually the repression of such passive aims is less successful and such a mother is often the victim of ambivalent impulses which led her to both approve and support the infant's activity and aggression on the one hand, but also bring her to rebel against his demands upon her on the other hand. 虽然被打的愿望可能会变成对她提出要求的愿望，但这种接受可能接近于受虐狂的投降，除非被打孩子的被动角色也以超我一致的方式承担主动责任而改变。其他母亲可能会使用更大程度的压抑来配合其他防御机制——通常是否认或投射。这样的妇女偶尔容易受到焦虑的伤害，这种焦虑与被打的受虐愿望 或 打人的施虐愿望有关。另一些女性则找到了抵抗无意识殴打幻想和愿望的初级防御手段，即认同攻击者。因此，婴儿的被动姿势有助于支持母亲活动的防御性水平。通常对这种被动目标的压抑是不成功的，这样的母亲往往是矛盾冲动的受害者，这种冲动一方面使她批准和支持婴儿的活动和攻击，但另一方面也让她反抗他对她的要求。 For some of these women the defensive introjection is so intense that any passivity that might be connected with the carrying out of maternal obligations quickly evokes a countering posture of activity or control. Consequently the feelings of badness and passivity are projected onto the infant. When the sadism does break through, she is able to justify her own punitive harshness which she rationalizes as having been provoked by the child. Not unexpectedly the depressive variant is also a common enough clinical picture, in which the wish to be beaten is basically turned against the self. Such mothers are more disposed to follow a pattern of avoiding maternal caretaking activities, causing them to feel burdened, guilty, inadequate, and beaten down. 对其中一些女性来说，这种防御性的内摄是如此强烈，以至于任何可能与履行母亲义务有关的被动性都会迅速引发一种行动或控制的对抗姿态。因此，不良和被动的感觉就投射到婴儿身上。当施虐性确实爆发时，她能够为自己的惩罚性严厉辩护，她把它解释为是被孩子激怒了。不出意料的是，抑郁的变种在临床表现中也很常见，在这种情况下，想要被打的愿望基本上是与自我作对的。这样的母亲更倾向于遵循一种避免母亲照顾活动的模式，使她们感到负担、内疚、不不胜任和被打败。 The depression in such women may be related to the introjection of the hated, beating, devaluing father, which is sometimes again reprojected, in an attempt to rid themselves of the hated introject, onto the "bad" or unmanageable baby. Thus, for example, the postpartum depression, which can range in the intensity of its disturbance from mild and transient states of depression to severe psychotic episodes, is an expression of the introjection of the beating father which gives way to a subsequent projection which can terminate in abusive or murderous treatment of the infant. 这些女性的抑郁可能与对 被憎恨的、打人的、贬低人的父亲的内摄有关，这些内摄物又被重新投射到“坏的”或无法管理的婴儿身上，为的是摆脱被恨的内摄物。因此，例如，产后抑郁症(其干扰的强度范围可以从轻微和暂时的抑郁状态 到 严重的精神病发作),是一种对打人的父亲的内摄的表达，这带来了随后的投射，这投射可以以对婴儿的虐待性或谋杀性对待而终止。 Abusing Parents. The dynamic constellation which characterizes parents who abuse children can be taken as in many respects paradigmatic for the problems in the parent-child interaction which contribute to the emergence of paranoid psychopathology. Such parents are almost universally in one degree or other depressed. They share a basic attitude toward infants which holds that children exist for the purpose of gratification of parental expectations and for the satisfaction of parental needs. This often is more unconscious than conscious. It dictates that infants who fail to live up to this expectation are deserving of punishment to insure that they fulfill this function. The need and expectation is operative from very early in the infant's life. The corollary of this unconscious conviction, as we have already observed, is that the infant's own needs, wishes, and urges assume a secondary position to the needs and wishes of the parent. Consequently the delicate balance of mutual regulation and reciprocal responsiveness which are so central to the maintenance of a holding environment, in Winnicott's terms, is placed in severe jeopardy. To reverse Anna Freud's concept, the child must become a need-satisfying object for the parent. 虐待的父母。能够刻画虐待孩子的父母的特征的动力学特征，在许多方面都可被视为导致偏执精神病理学出现的亲子互动问题的范例。这样的父母几乎普遍都有某种程度的抑郁。他们对婴儿的基本态度都认为，儿童的存在是为了满足父母的期望和父母的需要。这通常是无意识的，而不是有意识的。它规定，没有达到这个期望的婴儿应该受到惩罚，以确保他们完成这个功能。这种需求和期望从婴儿出生的早期就开始起作用。正如我们已经观察到的那样，这种无意识信念的推论是，婴儿自己的需要、愿望和要求，处于次要地位，次于父母的需要和愿望。因此，在温尼科特的术语中，对维持抱持环境至关重要的相互调节和互惠反应的微妙平衡被置于严重的危险之中。要逆转安娜·弗洛伊德的概念，孩子必须成为父母满足需求的客体。 Such abusing parents sometimes have experienced a similar pattern of upbringing in relation to their own parents, whether or not the family environment was one which characteristically involved physical abuse or not. These patients recount the feeling that their parents placed upon them severe demands for submission and proper obedience. At the same time they expressed the intense feeling that their own feelings, desires, and wishes were to a large extent disregarded, belittled, or simply did not count at all. These patients feel that they were never able to measure up, never able to fulfil parental expectations and standards, never able to gain approval and acceptance from their parents. 无论家庭环境是否以身体虐待为特征，这些虐待父母有时经历了与他们自己父母类似的成长模式。这些病人讲述了他们的父母对他们的强烈要求，要求他们屈服和适当的服从。与此同时，他们表达了一种强烈的感觉:他们自己的感情、渴望和愿望在很大程度上被忽视、轻视，或者根本就不重要。这些病人觉得他们永远不能达到，永远不能满足父母的期望和标准，永远不能得到父母的认可和接受。 Thus the rule of motherhood for many of these women is one which becomes equivalently an attempt to bid for approval and acceptance from their own mothers by becoming a good mother according to their own mother's lights. Their behavior is motivated by a continued deep yearning for understanding, sympathy, and approval from the mother—a yearning which is constantly doomed to frustration and failure. They are rewarded with disappointment, disillusionment, diminished self-esteem, and frustrated rage. Quite typically such patients have made vain attempts to redeem something from this frustrating context by idealizing their fathers and seeking to gain approval and acceptance from them, only to meet further disappointment since the fathers too were unable to meet the child's emotional needs adequately. Such patients rarely if ever are able to disagree openly with their own parents or to rebel against them, but have to resign themselves to a pattern of passive submission to parental judgment and criticism. The feelings of anger and resentment toward the parents were often intense, but tended to be expressed in internalized ways rather than through direct expression toward the parental objects. 因此，对这些妇女中的许多人来说，母性的规则是一种等效的尝试，即通过成为一名按照她们自己母亲的标准来说好的母亲，来争取她们自己母亲的认可和接受。她们的行为是出于对来自母亲的理解、同情和赞同的持续深切渴望——这种渴望注定会不断受挫和失败。她们得到的回报是失望、幻灭、削弱的自尊心和沮丧的愤怒。典型的情况是，这样的病人徒劳地试图通过理想化他们的父亲和寻求他们的认可和接受来从这种令人沮丧的环境中挽回一些东西，只会遇到进一步的失望，因为父亲也不能充分满足孩子的情感需求。这样的病人很少能够公开地与自己的父母意见相左或反抗他们，而是不得不顺从于父母的判断和批评。对父母的愤怒和怨恨往往是强烈的，但倾向于以内化的方式表达，而不是直接对父母客体的表达。 Underlying the abusive attitude on the part of such parents toward the child, there is the projection of the parent's own view of himself as a bad child. The projection is directly related to the underlying introjection which is embedded in the parent's personality structure and which derives from the relationship between the parent and his own parent of the previous generation. Along with this there is a pervasive conviction that anyone from whom one seeks need-satisfaction will inevitably and correspondingly fail to respond to the need. The parent has derived this firm conviction from his childhood experiences with his own parents. Thus the abused child is inevitably seen as a need-satisfying object which is unrewarding and unresponsive to the intensely felt inner needs of the parent. 在这些父母虐待孩子的态度背后，隐藏着父母自己对自己是坏孩子的看法的投射。这种投射与潜在的内摄性直接相关，这种内摄性嵌入在父母的人格结构中，源于父母与上一代父母之间的关系。与此同时，有一种普遍的信念，即他向任何人寻求需求满足，那个人都将不可避免地、相应地无法对这种需求作出回应。父母的这种坚定信念来自于他与自己父母的童年经历。因此，受虐儿童不可避免地被视为满足自己需求的客体，但这孩子对父母强烈的内心需求没有回报，也没有反应。 In describing this situation Steele (1970) has commented: 在描述这种情况时，Steele(1970)评论道: The abusing parent's ideas of people being unhelpful and attacking can in some instances become so pervasive and intense that they have a paranoid-like quality. The mechanism of projection, however, is not involved. Rather there is a widespread expression of feelings that originated toward the parents in early childhood. Whenever there is a need for love and understanding, the object becomes dangerous, a direct transference reaction. This lack of confidence is a most important element in the pattern of abuse. When spouse, family, friends, and neighbors cannot be looked to for aid in time of difficulty, the abusing parent has nowhere to turn except to his own infant for this comfort (p. 461). 虐待性父母认为人们是 不予帮助的和攻击性的 的想法，在某些情况下会变得如此普遍和强烈，以至于他们有一种偏执狂般的特质。然而，投射的机制并不参与其中。相反，有一种广泛的情感表达，这种情感起源于幼儿时期对父母的情感。只要需要爱和理解，客体就会变得危险，这是一种直接的移情反应。这种缺乏信心是虐待模式中最重要的因素。当遇到困难时不能向配偶、家人、朋友和邻居寻求帮助时，虐待性父母除了向自己的婴儿寻求安慰外就无处可求助了(p. 461)。 Despite Steele's disclaimer, the basic mechanism involved in this process is essentially projection, derived from and expressing the internal configuration of introjects that lies at the basis of a substantially paranoid form of psychopathology. Here again the pattern of destructiveness and its relationship to underlying narcissistic needs reflects and expresses the paranoid process. 尽管Steele否认，但这一过程的基本机制本质上是投射，源自并表达了根植于本质上偏执型精神病理学的内摄物的内部格局。在这里，破坏性的模式 及 其与潜在自恋需求的关系 再次反映和表达了偏执过程。 Steele goes on to describe this dynamic in quite vivid terms. It is specifically in the more violent forms of abusive attack that the full flavor of the psychopathology expresses itself. Steele接着用相当生动的语言描述了这种动态。特别是在更暴力的虐待性攻击中，精神病理学的全部味道表现出来了。 Usually the mother approaches the caretaking tasks with the good intention of doing well for the baby, both because she wants to and because she thinks it is her duty. She is handicapped, however, by her own lifelong, unsatisfied need to be loved and cared for and her conviction that she is basically unable to do well enough at anything expected of her. If, previous to her caretaking activity, she has been criticized, misunderstood, or deserted by spouse, family, or any other important figure, she feels especially inferior and lonely, her needs for loving approval are increased, so she turns as an unloved child herself to the only available object, her baby, to get this desperate need satisfied. If the baby happens to respond well, cooperates, and seems happily satisfied by her efforts, all goes well. If the baby continues to cry in spite of what she does, however, or if the baby in any way interferes with what she is trying to do, she becomes increasingly frustrated and feels criticized and unloved (1970, p. 471). 通常，母亲带着照顾孩子的良好意愿来完成照顾任务，因为她想这样做，也因为她认为这是她的责任。然而，她终生对被爱和关心的需求得不到满足，而且她坚信自己基本上无法做好对自己的任何期望，这给她造成了障碍。如果在她从事养育活动之前，她被配偶，家庭或任何其他重要人物 批评，误解或冷落，她会感到特别自卑和孤独，她对爱的认同的需求就会增加，因此她作为一个不被爱的孩子转向她唯一可以获得的客体，她的孩子，以满足这种绝望的需求。如果宝宝恰好反应良好，配合默契，似乎对她的努力很满意，那么一切都很顺利。然而，如果宝宝不管她做什么都继续哭，或者宝宝以任何方式干扰了她在努力做的事，她就会变得越来越沮丧，感到被批评和不被爱(1970, p. 471)。 The introjected patterns which underlie such mechanisms of parental abuse or murderous obsessions can be varied. They may relate to a hated parent or sibling—and we can recall here the vicissitudes of unconscious beating fantasies—or it may take the form of an identification with the aggressor. In either case all of the fear, guilt, shame, and rage that was experienced in the original object relationship is again activated in the context of the mother-child interaction (Anthony and Kreitman, 1970). The importance and the impact of such murderous elements in the parent-child interaction cannot be overestimated. As Searles (1966-67) has noted the intrusion of such intense and unassimilable murderousness into the mother-infant relationship during the symbiotic phase, before the child is able to differentiate himself from the mother as a separate person, leads to the direst consequences for the emergence of the child's sense of self and his sense of inchoate identity. Searles comments: 隐藏在父母虐待或谋杀强迫机制下的内摄模式可以是多种多样的。它们可能与一个被憎恨的父母或兄弟有关——我们可以在这里回忆一下无意识的殴打幻想的变迁——或者它可能以一种对攻击者的认同的形式出现。在任何一种情况下，所有在原始客体关系中经历的恐惧、内疚、羞耻和愤怒在母子互动的背景下再次被激活(Anthony and Kreitman, 1970)。这些谋杀性元素在亲子关系中的重要性和影响是不能被高估的。正如Searles(1966-67)所指出的，这种对强烈和不可吸收的谋杀性元素对共生期母婴关系的入侵，在孩子能够将自己作为一个独立的人从母亲分化出来之前，将导致对孩子自我意识和早期的身份感的形成产生可怕的后果。Searles评论道: In healthy development the mother and infant become aware of murderous feelings in manageable increments and the child's murderous feelings become one of his most powerful assets in the struggle for fashioning an identity, a weapon wielded in a workmanlike, ruthless when necessary, way to psychologically dissect each parent, carve from him or her that which is valuable and make it his own and discard the rest, with recognition on both their parts, however unformulated, that this process is not actually destroying the parent as a person in outer reality (pp. 520-521). 在健康的发展过程中，母亲和婴儿以一种可控的增量方式意识到谋杀性的感觉，孩子的谋杀性感觉成为他塑造身份的努力过程中有力的资产之一，一个以技术熟练的(必要时粗鲁的)方式被使用来从心理上解剖每个父母，从他或她身上切下来有价值的部分，使之成为自己的一部分，并丢弃其他部分 的武器，[从此处之后，翻译得不通顺]认可来自双方的部分，但未系统地阐述，这个过程实际上并没有摧毁父母作为一个人的外在现实(520-521页)。 Where such dissection and differentiation fails to take place in an appropriate and phase-specific manner, the residuals of destructiveness and their toxic potential permeate each phase of the individuation process by which the child strives toward the attainment of a sense of his own independence and identity. 如果无法以适当的、特定于阶段的方式进行解剖和分化，则破坏性的残留及其潜在毒性会渗透到个体化过程的每个阶段，在这个阶段中，孩子会努力实现自己的独立性和身份感 。