The Defective Child 有缺陷的孩子 A particularly important consideration relevant to the influence of parental narcissism is the narcissistic trauma, both for mother and father, in the birth of a defective child. The psychology of narcissism in this situation is focused for us in cases of actual physical (congenital) defect. This calls into play the entire psychology of the "exceptions" which Freud (1916) described so brilliantly—as we have seen. But as is clear from the study of the foregoing cases, the defectiveness need not be a matter of physical or congenital defect, but has more to do with the congruence between the narcissistic parental expectations and the child's fulfillment of them. 与父母自恋的影响有关的一个特别重要的考虑因素是，在一个有缺陷的孩子出生时，母亲和父亲的自恋创伤。这种情况下的自恋心理集中在我们的实际生理(先天)缺陷的情况下。这就使得弗洛伊德(1916年)出色地描述的整个“例外”心理学开始发挥作用——正如我们所见。但从前述案例的研究中可以清楚地看出，这种缺陷不一定是身体上或先天的缺陷，而是与自恋父母的期望与孩子实现这些期望之间的一致性有关。 During the process of pregnancy, the mother's libidinal concentration on the self occurs, so that the increasingly invested self-representation also encompasses the growing child within the mother's body. Pregnancy day-dreams and fantasies contribute to the shaping of the mother's narcissistic expectations and reflect her own inner needs, wishes and ego-ideals. The symbiosis, with its fusion of narcissistic and object libido, continues during the symbiotic phase of the child's infancy. Thus conscious and unconscious expectations are generated and consequent to them anxious thoughts and doubts that something would happen to adversely affect the pregnancy so that the child would be born deformed, or retarded or otherwise defective. Consequently the birth of the truly defective child can constitute a narcissistic trauma and undermining of the mother's self-esteem. The mother's reaction can be one of profound self-devaluation and deep feelings of worthlessness (Lax, 1972). 在怀孕的过程中，母亲的力比多集中在自体上，所以越来越被投资的自体表征也包含了在母亲体内成长的孩子。怀孕的白日梦和幻想有助于塑造母亲的自恋期望，反映她自己的内在需要、愿望和理想自我。这种融合了自恋和客体力比多的共生关系，在孩子婴儿期的共生阶段继续存在。因此，有意识和无意识的期望产生了，并随之产生了焦虑的想法和怀疑，担心会发生什么事情对怀孕产生不利影响，从而使孩子出生时畸形，发育迟缓或有其他缺陷。因此，真正有缺陷的孩子的出生可能构成一种自恋的创伤，并削弱母亲的自尊。母亲的反应可能是一种深刻的自我贬低和强烈的无价值感(Lax, 1972)。 A critical question in this regard has to do with the whole matter of the birth of a girl baby and the relative narcissistic injury that may be connected with this to the mother. As we have noted, the question of defectiveness is a relative one, relative, that is, to the mother's narcissistic expectations and projected ideals. If the mother tends to devalue her own femininity and harbors a defective sense of self because of it, the birth of a girl must carry the significance to the mother of the birth of a defective child. 在这方面的一个关键问题 跟 女孩出生的整个事情 以及 可能与此有关的母亲的相对自恋损伤 有关。正如我们所注意到的，缺陷是一个相对的问题，也就是说，跟母亲自恋的期望和投射的理想相对的。如果母亲倾向于贬低自己的女性气质，因此怀有一种有缺陷的自我意识，那么一个女孩的出生对母亲来说就是具有缺陷的孩子出生。 The dynamics of penis envy and the compensatory wish for a penis from the father presumably play a role in the mother's pregnancy wishes and her compensatory narcissistic fantasies. If it is true that the birth of a defective baby rekindles the mother's unconscious conflicts, because it represents the mother's unconscious sense of her own infantile and damaged self, the birth of a girl baby which presumably relates to the same unconscious complex—however well mastered in the mother's own functioning—will unavoidably activate the same unconscious conflicts and serve to undermine the mother's sense of self-esteem. 阴茎羡慕的动力学 和 父亲补偿她一个阴茎的愿望，大概在母亲怀孕的愿望 和 她的补偿性自恋幻想中起了作用。如果确实有缺陷的婴儿的出生重新点燃母亲的无意识冲突,因为它代表了母亲的潜意识感觉自己的幼稚和受损的自体,一个女孩婴儿的诞生(其可能与同样的无意识情结相关——然而在母亲自身的功能中掌握得很好[破折号后部分没怎么看懂，或许是说虽然无意识，但在母亲因自己是女性而自卑的心理机制中轻车熟路])将不可避免地激活相同的无意识冲突和破坏母亲的自尊感。 The more fragile and precarious that sense of self-esteem in the mother is, the more of an impact will the birth of such a child have upon the mother's narcissism and the more intensely will the trauma be felt. The effect is to make such women feel helpless, hopeless, inferior, and weak. It serves us well to remember at this juncture, that this particular process was observable and definable in all of the patients we examined in the study. In every case the mothers entertained a devalued and impaired image of themselves and of their femininity as weak, inadequate, victimized, and castrated. In each case—with varying degrees of intensity and correlative to the degree of pathology involved—this image was projected onto the daughters and correspondingly internalized to become a central nidus for the organization of the paranoid pathology. The mechanism is definable even in the most pathologically affected cases, such as Gloria, but also is clearly operative in the healthier and better-functioning patients such as Karen. 母亲的自尊心越脆弱、越不稳定，这样一个孩子的出生对母亲的自恋心理的影响就越大，所感受到的创伤也就越强烈。其结果是使这些女性感到无助、无望、低人一等和软弱。在这个关键点，我们很好地记住，这个特殊的过程在我们研究中检查的所有患者中，都是可以观察到的和可以确定的。在每个病例中(其强度各不相同，与卷入的病理程度的相关性各不相同)，母亲们对她们自己和她们的女性气质都怀有一种贬低和受损的印象，认为自己是软弱、不称职、受害、被阉割了。在每个病例中，这种影像投射到女儿身上，并相应内化，成为偏执病理组织的中心病灶。这种机制即使在最严重的病理影响的病例(如格洛丽亚)中也可以确定，但在健康和功能更好的患者(如凯伦)中，也明显有效。 Moreover as Lax (1972) notes in her excellent discussion of this problem, what is in question is not the degree of impairment in the child, but rather the extent to which the mother perceives the child in an unconscious manner as an externalization of her own defective self. Thus the degree of impairment of the child does not serve as an adequate basis for prediction of the degree of subsequent depression in the mother. Rather what seems to be in question is the degree of narcissistic insult as measured by the disparity between the maternal fantasied expectations and the real impairment of the child. From the mother's side, the level of narcissistic expectation would seem to be determined by the degree of self-devaluation and impaired self-esteem which underlies the mother's compensatory narcissistic fantasies. Thus, as a general rule, the degree to which the child fails to measure up to and satisfy parental narcissistic expectations dictates the basis on which, and the degree to which, parental destructiveness may be mobilized within the developmental interaction. We will want to turn at this point to a more explicit consideration of parental destructiveness. 此外，正如Lax(1972)在她对这个问题的精彩讨论中指出的那样，问题不在于孩子缺陷的程度，而在于母亲在何种程度上无意识地将孩子视为她自己有缺陷的自体的外化。因此，孩子的缺陷程度并不能作为预测母亲随后抑郁程度的充分依据。更确切地说，似乎成问题的是自恋受辱的程度，受辱的程度是由母亲的幻想期望 和 孩子的实际缺陷之间的差距来衡量的。从母亲的角度来看，自恋期望的程度似乎是由自我贬低和自尊受损的程度决定的，而自我贬低和自尊受损是母亲补偿性自恋幻想的基础。因此，作为一般规则，孩子不能达到和满足父母自恋期望的程度决定了在发展互动中父母的破坏性可能被调动起来的基础和程度。此刻，我们想要转向对父母的破坏性更明确的思考。