Impingement 侵入 As this development progresses, the earliest rudiments of the ego begin to take shape. As these first integrations give rise to the beginnings of psychic structure, they also provide the basis for a potential for anxiety. Such emergent integrations do not take place without the concurrent risk of disintegration, just as the latter differentiation of self and obiect in the infant's experience concurrently gives rise to the threatening potential for object-loss. The function of the holding maternal environment and the emerging context of object-relatedness is to buffer the infant's emerging experience from such anxieties. Under the continuing protection of the holding environment or of properly attuned and emphatic responsiveness on the part of the caretaking mother, the progression toward increasing integration can be successfully accomplished. In Winnicott's view, the continuity of integrative processes can be interrupted by what he calls "impingements" (Winnicott, 1958). He defines the concept of impingement in relationship to his treatment of the development of the self. He writes: 随着这一发展的进步，自我的最初雏形开始成形。这些第一次整合产生了心理结构的开端，它们也为潜在的焦虑提供了基础。这种自发整合的发生，必然伴随着解体的风险，就像后来婴儿体验中的自我和客体的分化，同时也带来了客体丢失的潜在威胁。抱持性母性环境以及出现的客体关联环境的功能，是缓冲婴儿从这种焦虑中出现的体验。在抱持环境或来自照管的母亲恰当调谐并强化的响应的保护下，朝向逐渐增多的整合的进程可以成功地完成。在温尼科特看来，整合过程的连续性可以被他所称的“侵入”打断(Winnicott, 1958)。他在他对自体发展的处理中定义了侵入的概念。他写道: Another phenomenon that needs consideration at this phase is the hiding of the core of the personality. Let us examine the concept of a central or true self. The central self could be said to be the inherited potential which is experiencing a continuity of being, and acquiring in its own way and at its own speed a personal psychic reality and a personal body-scheme. It seems necessary to allow for the concept of this isolation of this central self as a characteristic of health. Any threat to this isolation of the true self constitutes a major anxiety at this early stage, and defenses of earliest infancy appear in relation to failures on the part of the mother (or in maternal care) to ward off impingements which might disturb this isolation (p. 46). 在这个阶段需要考虑的另一个现象是人格核心的隐藏。让我们来检验中心自我或真我的概念。中心自我可以说是一种遗传的潜能，它正在经历存在的连续性，并以自己的方式和速度获得一种个人的心理现实和一种个人的身体结构。似乎有必要将这种中心自我的隔离的概念作为健康的特征。在这个早期阶段，任何对真实自我隔离的威胁都构成了一种主要的焦虑，早期婴儿阶段的防御与母亲(或在母亲护理中)未能阻止可能干扰这种隔离的侵入有关(第46页)。 Thus the notion of impingement assumes a very central role in Winnicott's notion of the development of psychopathology. In fact, he is quite explicit in linking it to the notion of paranoia. In discussing Greenacre's (1952) articles on the predisposition to anxiety, he suggests that certain cases demonstrate such a marked propensity to ideas of persecution that it is unlikely that the origin lies in an elaboration of oral sadism as suggested by Melanie Klein. Rather, he suggests that it may rather be a traumatic birth experience which sets the pattern of expected persecution. Thus in certain cases of latent paranoia the analysis, which seeks to recover the full extent of oral sadism, does not succeed in bringing a complete resolution of the anxiety about since there is also required a reliving and working through of the traumatic birth experience. The traumatic event is related to the infantile expectation of interference with basic "being." 因此，侵入的概念在温尼科特关于精神病理学发展的概念中扮演了非常重要的角色。事实上，他很明确地将其与偏执的概念联系起来。在讨论Greenacre(1952)关于焦虑倾向的文章时，他认为某些案例显示出明显的受迫害倾向，以至于不太可能像Melanie Klein所建议的那样，源自于对口欲施虐的阐述。相反，他认为，这更可能是一种创伤性的出生经历，它设定了预期的被迫害模式。因此，在某些潜在的偏执病例中，这种试图完全恢复口欲施虐程度的分析，并没有成功地彻底消除焦虑，因为还需要对创伤性分娩经历的重新体验和处理。创伤性事件与婴儿期对基本“存在”受到干扰的预期有关。 We need not follow the details of Winnicott's argument, except to note that he postulates a basic continuity of the infant's inner experience which provides the beginnings of an experience of self. This sense of continuity of self-experience is periodically interrupted by phases of reaction to impingement. The reaction to impingement remains relatively nontraumatic as long as the level of stimulation does not exceed that for which the infant is already prepared. 我们不需要跟随Winnicott论点的细节，除了注意到他假设婴儿内在体验的基本连续性，这提供了自我体验的开端。这种自我体验的连续性被对侵入反应的阶段周期性地打断。只要刺激的程度不超过婴儿已经准备好的程度，对撞击的反应相对来说就不会造成创伤。 A basic question in the infant's developmental experience has to do with the balance between the basic experiences of continuity of the emerging self, specifically, and particularly in relationship to the holding maternal environment, and the impingements which constitute the residue of the experience. The impingements are thus constituted by those stimulus parameters which exceed the receptive capacity and readiness of the infant's inner organization. The reactions to such impingements can be aggravated and integrated independently of the sense of inner continuity and thus come to form rudiments of what Winnicott has described in terms of the "false self." The same impingements, serving to disrupt the inner continuity of the emerging self, can set up a pattern of expected persecution "which can serve as both an expression and a fundament of further elaborations of the paranoid process." 婴儿发展体验中的一个基本问题是关于新兴自我的连续性的基本经验与构成经验的残余的侵入之间的平衡(具体地说，特别是在与母体环境的关系中)。因此，这些侵入是由那些超过婴儿内在组织的接受能力和准备程度的刺激参数构成的。对这种侵入的反应可以被加重，并独立于内在的连续性而整合起来，从而形成了温尼科特所描述的“虚假自我”的雏形。同样的侵入，服务于破坏新兴自我的内在连续性，可以建立一种预期的被迫害模式，“成为偏执过程的表达和进一步细化的基础。” Winnicott's schema makes it abundantly clear and explicit that the developmental process cannot simply be conceived in terms of maturational elaborations, but that the emerging growth potential of the infant is integrally connected with and dependent on a complex interaction that takes place between the child's emerging needs and capacities and the reciprocal nurturing, receptivity, and responsiveness of the mothering or caretaking figure. Our first considerations of infant development consequently are cast in terms of the continuity of the coordinated bond between mother and child. Impingements come to represent those elements and influences which come to create discontinuity in that bond, thus creating an intrusion of other aspects of reality upon this mother-child unity. The same developmental exigencies are articulated in Mahler's (1968) theory of separation and individuation. Development is thus conceived in terms of the infant's emergence from the absolute dependence on the mother-child unit through stages of increasing separation and individuation, and thus progressing toward and enlarging capacity for independence. 温尼科特的模式使其非常清晰和明确，即发展过程不能简单地用成熟的细化来思考，但婴儿出现的生长潜力固有地联系到，并依赖于复杂的互动，这种互动发生在孩子出现的需求和能力与母亲或照料者的互惠养育、感受力和响应性之间。因此，我们对婴儿发展的首要考虑是母亲和孩子之间协调纽带的连续性。冲击代表那些元素和影响，这些元素和影响在那纽带中产生不连续，从而在这母子统一体上造成现实的其他方面的冲击。马勒(1968)的分离和个体化理论也阐述了同样的发展迫切需要。因此，发展是这样设想的:婴儿从对母子统一体的绝对依赖中出现，经过逐渐分离和个体化的阶段，从而逐步走向独立，扩大独立的能力。