Introjection and Projection 内摄和投射 In the inner dialectic which leads to the progressive definition and delineation of the self, the gradual definition of self is achieved not only by a building up of self-representations, but also by the gradually increasing separation from the mother, and later from both parental figures. Gradual definition of self is achieved by the interacting processes of introjection and projection which continue to be rehearsed at each stage of the separation-individuation process. The introjective content which is gradually built up in successive stages is at each phase again reprojected onto the parental figures. The displacement of content from self-representation to object-representation and the reintrojection of the continually reconstituted object serves as the basis for the gradual delineation and differentiation between self and object. 在逐渐定义和界定自体的内在辩证中，自体的逐渐定义不仅通过自体表征的建立，也通过与母亲以及后来与父母双方的逐渐分离来实现。自体的逐渐定义是通过在分离-个体化过程的每一个阶段，不断排练的内摄和投射的相互作用过程来实现的。在连续的阶段逐渐建立起来的内摄性内容，在每个阶段又重新投射到父母的形象上。内容从自体表征向客体表征的置换，以及不断重构的客体的重新内摄，是自体与客体逐渐界定和分化的基础。 The quality of this interaction is determined in part by the elements projected from the child's inner world, but these must be placed into a complex interaction with the contribution to the child's developmental experience that is made by the parents and other significant adults around him. In the early stages of the child's negotiations with the parents, particularly at points where the expression of the child's initiatives becomes an issue, the mother's capacity to tolerate and respond constructively to the child's aggressive impulses contributes in a significant way to the gradual modulation of the child's destructiveness and in increasing neutralization of aggression. 这种互动的质量在一定程度上是由从孩子内心世界投射出的元素决定的，但是这些必须被置于一个与他人贡献的复杂互动中，他人是指对孩子的发展经验做出贡献的父母和他周围其他重要的成年人。在孩子与父母谈判的早期阶段,特别是在孩子主动性的表达成为一个问题的那些时间点,母亲的容忍能力，以及建设性地应对孩子的攻击冲动，明显地有助于逐渐调制的孩子的破坏性和增加对攻击的中和。 Where the child's aggression, however, does not meet the protective tolerance and absorptive capacity of the mother, but rather meets a contrary destructiveness or lack of protective stability in the interaction with the mother, the destructive aspect of the aggression tends to be reinforced by the subsequent reintrojection derived from the maternal object. The child's initiative can be threatened and made precarious by the parent's repressive or intrusive response. His capacity to leave or separate himself as an independent and self-directing (willing) individual is undermined and impeded. Thus the child's emerging autonomy does not achieve the status of a secure attainment, but is constantly threatened by the potential destructiveness of an external persecutor. This is the essence of what has become known as the "bad mother." 但如果孩子的攻击性不符合母亲的保护性宽容和吸收能力,而是在与母亲的互动中遇到了相反的破坏性，或缺乏保护性的稳定,那么攻击的破坏性方面往往会被随后对母亲客体的再内摄而强化。父母的压制性或侵入性的反应会威胁孩子的主动性，并使其处于危险状态。他作为一个独立自主的(自愿的)个体离开或把自己分离出来的能力被破坏和阻碍[指孩子从母子共生系统中分化出来的能力]。因此，孩子正在出现的自主性并没有达到获得可靠成就的状态，而是不断受到外部迫害者的潜在破坏性的威胁。这就是所谓的“坏妈妈”的本质。 It should be noted that every mother, and by way of implication every parent, is a bad mother or a bad parent. The mother particularly, and in the first instance, is both the nurturer and protector as well as the withholder. The child's narcissism is boundless and cannot be satisfied with less than everything, so that it is inevitably fated to be disappointed. The parents further set themselves against the child's omnipotence in their functions of training, disciplining, and punishing the child. We are reminded of Freud's remark to the effect that the germ of paranoia was to be found in the restrictions which the physical care of the child made necessary (Freud, 1939 [1929]). 值得注意的是，每一个母亲，甚至每一个父母，都是一个坏母亲或坏父母。特别是母亲，在第一种情况下，既是养育者，又是保护者，又是扣留者。孩子的自恋是无限的，什么都不满足，注定要失望。父母进一步在训练、管教和惩罚孩子方面与孩子的全能对抗。我们想起弗洛伊德的话，大意是偏执狂的萌芽可以在对孩子的限制中找到，为了照顾孩子的身体，必然施加这些限制(弗洛伊德，1939[1929])。 The child's rage at his sense of deprivation and the incursions upon his cherished omnipotence are projected and reintrojected. They provide the basis for an internalized introjective economy which is permeated with significant degrees of unneutralized aggression and ambivalence. Consequently the child's capacity for autonomous functioning and his capacity for progressing in autonomous development are undermined. Any attempt to function more autonomously, to become more independent and to move in the direction of greater individuation, poses a severe threat. Self-assertion consequently becomes tenuous and dangerous. 孩子对他被剥夺的感觉和对他所珍视的全能的侵犯的愤怒被投射出来，又被再内摄。它们为一种内化的内摄经济提供了基础，这种经济充满了相当程度的未中和的攻击和矛盾心理。因此，孩子的自主运作能力和自主发展的进步能力都受到了损害。任何想要更自主地发挥作用、变得更独立、向更个体化的方向发展的企图，都会带来严重的威胁。因此，自我主张变得脆弱和危险。 Thus the essential development of separation-individuation rests internally on the dialectic of introjection and projection. In the normal course of development these mechanisms result in a progressive differentiation and delineation of self and object-representations. They serve as the focal points around which the internal integration of self takes place. The same processes, however, can be caught up in the service of defensive needs and subjected to defensive pressures. The process of autonomous growth to greater independence and individuation is thereby undermined 因此，分离-个体化的本质发展内在地依赖于内摄与投射的辩证关系。在正常的发展过程中，这些机制导致自体和客体表征的逐步分化和界定。它们作为自体内部整合发生的焦点。然而，同样的过程也可能被用于防御需求并受到防御压力。因此，自主成长到更独立和个体化的过程被破坏了。