Mother-Child Interaction 母子互动 An additional perspective is contributed to our understanding of this basic developmental process by the work of Sander (1962, 1964, 1969). Sander and his group have undertaken detailed observations of mother-child pairs, particularly during the first eighteen months of life. Through a comparison of sequences and trends in the observational material across a sample of such pairs, they have been able to describe a sequence of adaptations which were found to be common in all of the different mother-infant pairs, but were carried out in a highly individual manner within each pair. It was essentially an epigenetic process in which at each stage of the process a new equilibrium and balance in the interaction had to be achieved. 桑德(1962, 1964, 1969)的工作有助于我们从另一视角理解这一基本的发展过程。桑德和他的团队对母子对进行了详细的观察，特别是在婴儿出生的前18个月。通过比较样本中观察资料的序列和趋势，他们已经能够描述一系列适应性序列，这些适应性序列在所有不同的母婴对中都是常见的，但在每个母婴对中都是以一种高度个体化的方式执行的。从本质上讲，这是一个表观遗传过程，其中在过程的每个阶段都必须实现新的均势和新的互动平衡。 In the view that emerges from these studies, mother and child are caught up from the very beginning of their experience of each other in a continuing process of interaction which can be described and defined in terms of certain sets of negotiations which take place within the interaction. Thus Sander describes a series of issues around which these negotiations focus, and which provide the stable configurations of mother-child interaction. 从这些研究中产生的观点是，母亲和孩子从一开始就在一种持续的相互作用过程中相互联系在一起，这种相互作用可以用在相互作用中发生的某些谈判来描述和定义。因此，桑德描述了这些谈判围绕的一系列问题，这些问题提供了母子互动的稳定格局。 The first issue is negotiated particularly during the first three months of life. This is the issue of initial regulation—that is the achievement of a stable regulation of basic biological processes which are related to feeding, sleeping, elimination, etc. The negotiation between mother and child normally settles down to a relatively predictable routine, in which the mother begins to feel a sense of confidence in her ability to know and respond to her baby's needs. The affective tone in their interactions is basically pleasant and positive, particularly with the onset of the smiling response. 第一个问题是在出生后的头三个月里特别需要谈判的。这就是初始调节的问题——即实现与进食、睡眠、排泄等相关的基本生物过程的稳定调节。母亲和孩子之间的谈判通常会稳定在一个相对可预测的例行程序中，在这个程序中，母亲开始对自己了解和回应孩子需求的能力感到自信。在他们的互动中情感基调基本上是愉快和积极的，特别是在微笑回应的开始。 The subsequent issue is that of reciprocal exchange. This is negotiated in the second three-month period. The present pattern of smiling exchanges becomes elaborated and extended to more motor and vocal involvement in spontaneously affective exchanges. The pattern of spontaneous play emerge which both mother and child participate in with delight and increasing expressions of pleasure. Increasingly the primary caretaking activities such as diapering, dressing, or spoon-feeding are accomplished more and more easily through a reciprocal coordination between mother and child. 接下来的问题是互惠交换。这是在第二个三个月期间谈判达成的。现在的微笑交流模式变得复杂，并延伸到更多的运动和声音参与自发的情感交流。自发的游戏模式出现了，母亲和孩子都参与快乐，更多地表达愉悦。越来越多的基本照料活动，如换尿布，穿衣，或用勺子喂，通过母亲和孩子之间的相互协调越来越容易完成。 The next trimester is taken up with the issue of initiative. The infant begins to express his own initiative with increasing vigor in his bids for attention, social exchange, and other exploratory or manipulative activities. He begins to express his own special preferences and the mother becomes more attentive to and more responsive to these activities. There is also an increasing element of acknowledgment of the unique and individual quality of the infant's initiatives. The question here is the degree to which the child can begin to experience success in the exercise of these initiatives as opposed to the failure of them. The mother's response to the initiatives is critical insofar as her own ambivalence toward these newly emerging capacities may lead to interference with or reinforcement of them. 接下来的三个月是关于主动性的问题。婴儿开始表达他自己的主动性，他寻求关注，社会交流，和其他探索或操纵活动的活力增加。他开始表达自己的特殊偏好，母亲也会对这些行为更加关注和响应。婴儿主动性的独特和特性化特质也越来越被承认。这里的问题是，在何种程度上，孩子可以开始体验到这些主动行动的成功，而不是失败。母亲对这些新出现的能力的反应是至关重要的，因为她自己对这些新出现的能力的矛盾心理可能会导致对它们的干涉或强化。 The next issue, which occupies the latter portion of the first year of life, is the issue of focalization. With the onset of locomotive capacity and the increased capacity for voluntary activity and the expression of the child's specific intentions, he can begin to negotiate the question of the extent to which he can bring it about that the mother is available to him. Mothers differ considerably in their reactions to the child's effort to have their attention attention [此处可能是笔误，多了一个attention] and activity focused around the child's needs. All the reciprocal exchange of information and adaptation between mother and child builds on the earlier achievements of reciprocity which were accomplished in previous phases of interaction. 下一个问题，也就是占据生命第一年后半段的问题，是焦点化问题。随着能力的提高、自愿活动能力的增强以及孩子具体意图的表达，他可以开始协商他能在多大程度上使母亲对他有帮助。母亲们对孩子把她们的注意力和活动聚焦在孩子的需求上的反应大相径庭。母亲和孩子之间所有互惠性的信息交换和适应，都是建立在早期的互惠成就之上的，这些成就是在之前的互动阶段完成的。 Some mothers are gratified by this focusing from the child and take some satisfaction in their capacity to reply to it. Others, however, experience the child's more intent and specific demands as threatening. Their response is either escape from or defense against the child's wishes. The mother's limited or ambivalent availability may now become quite apparent as limits begin to be set. The pressure upon the child to focus the mother's responses varies with the mother's ambivalence in making the response. If her response is relatively assured and he can have some degree of confidence in it, it is possible for him to turn his attention more easily to extrinsic interests. If her response is to withdraw and become less available, the level of his demand increases. If her response tends to be aggressively controlling or intrusive, he may seek to elicit her attack. 有些母亲对孩子的这种聚焦感行为到满意，并对自己的回应能力感到满意。然而，另一些人则认为孩子的意图和具体要求具有威胁性。他们的反应要么是逃避，要么是违背孩子的意愿。随着限制的开始设置，母亲有限的或矛盾的可用性现在变得非常明显。要求孩子关注母亲反应的压力随着母亲做出反应的矛盾心理而变化。如果她的回答是相对令人放心的，而他对她的回答也有一定程度的信心，他就可能更容易把注意力转向外部兴趣。如果她的反应是撤退，变得更不可得，他的要求水平就会增加。如果她的反应倾向于侵略性的控制或侵扰，他可能寻求诱发她的攻击。