Symbiosis 共生 Gradually, somewhere in the course of the second month, the infant begins to acquire a dim awareness of the mother as need-satisfying object, a progression which marks the emergence into a phase of normal symbiosis. Within this primitive differentiation, primary narcissism is still operative insofar as satisfaction is recognized as coming from the need-satisfying object, but this object remains within the omnipotent orbit of the child's symbiotic unity with the mothering agent. Within this state of undifferentiated fusion with the mother, the differentiation between self and external objects has not yet been achieved, and the discriminations between inside and outside are only beginning to be sensed. Unpleasurable perceptions, whether derived from external or internal sources, must be projected beyond the common boundary of the symbiotic unit. 渐渐地，在第二个月的某个时候，婴儿开始模糊地意识到母亲是能满足需要的客体，这一过程标志着婴儿进入了正常的共生阶段。在这种原始的分化中，当满足被认为来自能满足需要的客体时，原初自恋仍然起作用，但这个客体仍然处于孩子与母亲的共生统一体的全能轨道中。在这种与母亲无分化的融合状态中，自体与外部客体之间的区别还没有实现，内部与外部之间的区别才刚刚开始被感觉到。不愉快的知觉，无论来自外部或内部来源，都必须投射到共生统一体的共同边界之外。 The progression from the autistic to the symbiotic phase is accompanied by a cathectic shift from the predominantly proprioceptive-enteroceptive focus towards a sensoriperceptive cathexis of the body periphery. Parallel to this is the projective elimination of destructive unneutralized aggression beyond the body-self boundaries. The infant's inner sensations provide a core awareness of self around which the emerging sense of identity takes shape. Correlatively, it is the mother's maintenance of a holding environment which stabilizes and organizes this symbiotic structure. 从自闭到共生阶段的进展伴随着一种精神投入的转变，从主要以本体感觉-内感受为焦点转向对身体周围的感觉感知的精神投入。与此平行的是对超出身体-自我边界之外的破坏性的、未中和的攻击性的投射性消除[婴儿将自己对外界的攻击性投射出去，将其视为来自外界的威胁？]。婴儿的内在感觉提供了一种核心的自我意识，在此基础上新产生的身份感形成了。相对地，母亲对抱持环境的维护，稳定并组织了这种共生结构。 In the hallucinatory omnipotence of the autistic phase, the mother's breast or any of her nurturing activities were undifferentiated from the infant's global sense of self. But in the symbiotic phase, the object begins to be perceived as an unspecific yet need-satisfying object (A. Freud, 1965). Thus, with the emergence into the symbiotic phase, the autistic shell which has served to keep external stimuli out begins to crack and is replaced by a protective stimulus shield—functioning at the sensoriperceptive periphery—which serves both receptive and selective functions. This stimulus shield envelops the symbiotic unity of the mother-child matrix. We should remember in terms of previous observations that the symbiotic stimulus-barrier is susceptible to varying degrees of thickness and stimulus sensitivity. The effects and delineation of impingements are in part a function of the characteristics of the symbiotic matrix. 在自闭阶段的幻觉性全能中，母亲的乳房或她的任何养育活动都与婴儿的整体自我意识没有区别。但是在共生阶段，这个客体开始被认为是一个非特定的但能满足需要的对象(A. Freud, 1965)。因此，随着共生阶段的出现，将外界刺激拒之门外的自闭外壳开始破裂，取而代之的是一个保护性的刺激盾——在感觉感知的周边发挥作用——它同时具有接受和选择功能。这个刺激盾包裹着母子环境的共生统一体。根据先前的观察，我们应该记得共生刺激-屏障对不同程度的厚度和刺激敏感性是敏感的。侵入的影响和描述在一定程度上是共生环境特征的功能。 Within the symbiotic matrix important developmental processes are at play. Not only does the differentiation of self from need-satisfying object begin to take place within this matrix, but the infant's sense of self also begins to take shape and emerge. Within the symbiotic orbit, in terms of the interaction between mother and child there is indelibly impressed on the infant a complex pattern of internal integration which Lichtenstein (1961) has referred to as "imprinting an identity" upon the infant. 在共生环境中，重要的发展过程在发挥作用。不仅自体和满足需要的客体的区别开始在这个环境中发生，而且婴儿的自体意识也开始成形和出现。在共生的轨道内，就母亲和孩子之间的相互作用而言，给婴儿留下了不可磨灭的内部整合的复杂模式，Lichtenstein(1961)称之为对婴儿的“身份印记”。 This raises the critical question of what is to be derived from the symbiotic relationship, and therefore what is brought to the symbiotic relationship by the participating parties. If the mother brings to the symbiotic relationship a firm sense of identity and autonomous self, the imprinting process can serve to provide the infant with the rudiments of an autonomous and integrated sense of self. Within the symbiotic matrix, important internalizations take place which significantly help determine some of the more central parameters of the infant's internal development. Searles has said so convincingly: 这就提出了一个关键性的问题，即从共生关系中可得到什么，因此，参加各方将给共生关系带来什么。如果母亲给共生关系带来坚定的身份感和自主的自体，印记过程可以为婴儿提供自主和完整的自体感的基础。在共生环境中，重要的内化发生，这大大有助于确定婴儿内部发展的一些更重要的参数。Searles令人信服地说道: I believe that the more successfully the infant and young child internalizes as the foundation of his personal identity a symbiotic relationship with a predominantly loving mother, the more accessible is his symbiotic level of existence, in all of its infinite richness, through the more structured aspects of identity which develop; which develop not primarily as imposed restraints upon him, but as structures that facilitate the release of his energies and capacities in creative relatedness with the outer world. Such a symbiosis based identity serves as one's most sensitive and reliable organ for perceiving the world, not merely by mirroring a world set at some distance, but through processes of introjection-and-projection, literally sampling, literally mingling with—in manageable increments—the world through which, moment by changing moment, one lives (1966-67, p. 529). 我相信婴幼儿内化与大体上慈爱的母亲的共生关系(作为其个人身份的基础)越成功，发展出的身份就越具有结构化方面，通过这些结构化方面，他(在其所有的无限丰富性中)存在的共生水平就越容易达到。这种身份的发展主要不是作为强加给他的约束，而是作为一种结构，促进他的能量和能力的释放，在与外部世界的创造性联系中。这样一个基于共生的身份，作为一个最敏感和最可靠的器官来感知世界,不仅仅是通过镜像设定在一段距离外的世界，而是通过内摄和投射过程，来采样，来接触——以一种可管理的增量方式——世界，一个瞬息万变，他生活其中的世界(1966 - 67,p. 529)。 Thus a positive symbiotic relatedness is a developmental achievement. Within this matrix significant internalizations are elaborated primarily in terms of the interplay of introjection and projection. 因此，积极的共生关系是一种发展成就。在这个环境中，重要的内化主要是以内摄和投射的相互作用来实现的。 As Winnicott (1965) suggests, the basic anxiety in this early stage of mother-child unity is the threat of annihilation. The mother's function in the symbiotic unity is to reduce to a minimum those impingements which threaten the symbiotic ties. From this perspective the impingements would threaten the integrity of the symbiotic unit and thus raise the specter of annihilation. Viewed intrapsychically, as Angel (1967) has pointed out, symbiosis refers to the intrapsychic relationship between self- and object-representations. In the symbiotic state, self- and object-representations remain merged so that the fundamental issue behind the threat is not specifically separation, since sufficient individuation has not yet occurred. The symbiotic panic of annihilation consequently is relatively more overwhelming than the milder separation anxiety. 正如Winnicott(1965)所暗示的，在母亲和孩子统一体的早期阶段，最基本的焦虑是毁灭的威胁。母亲在共生统一中的作用是将威胁共生关系的冲击降到最低。从这个角度来看，冲击会威胁到共生统一体的完整性，从而引起毁灭的恐惧。从内部心理角度来看，正如Angel(1967)所指出的，共生指的是自体表象和客体表象之间的内部心理关系。在共生状态下，自体表象和客体表象仍然融合在一起，因此威胁背后的根本问题并不是具体的分离，因为充分的个体化还没有发生。因此，与较温和的分离焦虑相比，因毁灭而产生的共生恐慌相对更强烈。 There is a corresponding wish to merge with the omnipotent invulnerable object, along with a simultaneous fear of such merging or of being devoured by the bad symbiotic object. Thus the symbiotic phase precedes any sufficient differentiation of self and object and adequate development of object constancy to allow for separation anxiety in a more restrictive sense. Patients who have fixated at the symbiotic level are preoccupied with control of the mother. The fear is not loss of the obiect, but loss of omnipotence which is equivalent to becoming nothing. This occurs either by abandonment of the omnipotent object or by merging with the devouring object (Angel, 1972). 人们有一种相应的愿望，希望与无所不能的不会受伤害的客体合二为一，同时又害怕这样的合并或被有害的共生客体吞噬。因此，共生阶段先于自体和客体的充分分化以及客体恒定性的充分发展，以允许更严格意义上的分离焦虑。固着于共生水平的病人专注于对母亲的控制。恐惧不是失去客体，而是失去了全能，就等于什么都不是。这要么通过放弃全能客体，要么通过与吞噬性客体合并而发生(Angel, 1972)。 Thus the symbiotic phase can serve important developmental functions, but it can also serve as the point for significant pathological deviation. Mahler (1968) has discussed the notion of the symbiotic psychosis. The psychosis represents a defect in the child's utilization of the mother during the symbiotic phase, resulting in an inability to internalize the representation of the mothering object. Thus the child is unable to differentiate his self from the symbiotic phase, resulting in an inability to internalize the representation of the mothering object. Thus the child is unable to differentiate his self from the symbiotic unity and individuation is correspondingly impaired. Mutual caring and responsiveness are essential ingredients of the normal symbiotic phase. An important function of the symbiotic buffering is the absorption and protection from the child's own unneutralized aggression. 因此，共生阶段可以发挥重要的发展功能，但它也可以作为显著病理偏差的点。马勒(1968)讨论了共生精神病的概念。精神病表现为在共生阶段，孩子对母亲的利用有缺陷，导致无法内化母性客体的表现。因此，孩子无法将自己从共生阶段中分化出来，从而导致无法内化母性对象的表现。因此，儿童无法将他的自体从共生的统一体中分化出来，个体化相应地受损。相互关心和回应是正常共生阶段的必要成分。共生缓冲的一个重要功能是吸收和保护孩子免受自己未中和的攻击性。 As the mother emerges as a need-satisfying object, she also emerges more clearly as a need-frustrating obiect. The other aspect of the child's experience of his interaction with the mother opens the way for often intensely aggressive responses. The successful symbiotic unit serves to minimize this aggressive disruption and to preserve the child's sense of unruffled omnipotence. To the extent that the mother's nurturing and buffering capacities are exceeded, or to the extent that she contributes punitive and destructive elements to the symbiotic confluence, the child will begin to experience these destructive elements as a part of his own emerging sense of self. Here the complex mechanisms of introjection and projection are at work, constantly playing off between the contributions made from the infant's own internal processes and the gradually differentiating and distancing aspects of the mother's own destructive potential. The mother's capacity to remain nurturing and loving in the face of the infant's aggression can have a buffering and modulating effect on the intensity of his aggression. If the mother's own aggressive propensitites, however, respond to and reciprocate with the infant's own projected destructive impulses, we have the setting for the emergence of more pathological forms of symbiotic progression. 当母亲作为满足需求的客体出现时，她也更明显地作为让需求受挫的客体出现。孩子与母亲互动的经验的另一方面往往为激烈的攻击性反应开辟了道路。这个成功的共生统一体可以最大限度地减少这种攻击性的破坏，并保持孩子们那种镇定自若、无所不能的感觉。如果母亲的养育和缓冲能力被超过了，或者她在共生的合流中贡献了惩罚和破坏性的因素，孩子就会开始体验这些破坏性因素，并将其作为自己逐渐形成的自体意识的一部分。在这里，复杂的内摄和投射机制在起作用，在婴儿自身的内部过程和母亲自身的破坏性潜能的逐渐区分和疏远之间不断发挥作用。面对婴儿的攻击，母亲保持养育和爱的能力可以缓冲和调节他的攻击强度。然而，如果母亲自身的攻击性倾向与婴儿自身投射的破坏性冲动相互反应，我们就有了共生发展的更病态形式出现的背景。