Adaptation 适应 Thus the elaboration of a relatively normal developmental progression requires that the process operate within the constraints of a given range of adaptability. The growing organism must phase itself in with and fit into the environment in terms of a series of average and expectable behavioral organizations. In normal development, these behavioral patternings more or less match and fit in with environmental expectations, limitations, and potentialities. The environmental context of development likewise presents the individual with an evolving series of average acceptable stimulus contexts in which the available stimulation is more or less adapted to the sensing and responding apparatuses of the developing organism. 因此，一个相对正常的发展进程的完善，需要该过程在一个给定的适应性范围内进行。生长的有机体必须按照一系列平均的和可预期的行为组织来逐步适应环境。在正常的发展过程中，这些行为模式或多或少地与环境期望、限制和潜力相匹配和适应。发展的环境环境同样向个体呈现了一系列演化的平均可接受的刺激环境，其中可获得的刺激或多或少地适应了发展中的有机体的感知和反应机制。 It should be noted that the formulations of the adaptive hypothesis, which are so central to psychoanalytic thinking and were stated primarily by Hartmann and Rapaport in the interests of developing a generalized ego psychology, tended to deal with the problem of adaptation in general biological terms—that is, in terms of average expectable environment and in terms of biologically preadapted apparatuses within the developing organism. But the match between organism and experience is never carried out on such generalized terms. In the first place, the match is never perfect so that the individual organism must be continually changing and modifying its responses and expectations. There is also a certain flux within the process of adaptation whereby particular behavior systems and structural components are more ready or available within that period, the pattern of development will presumably begin to follow a deviant line of response. 应该注意的是适应性假说的提法,其在精神分析思想中是如此核心，它主要是Hartmann和Rapaport在发展广义自我心理学的时候阐明的，它倾向于用一般的生物学术语来处理适应问题。 即，用平均预期环境以及正在发展的有机体内的的生物预适应组织。但是，有机体和经验之间的匹配从来没有在这样一般化的条件下进行过。首先，匹配从来就不是完美的，因此个体有机体必须不断地改变和修改它的反应和期望。在适应的过程中也有一定的变化，特定的行为系统和结构组件在这段时间内更容易准备好或可用，发展模式可能会开始遵循一个偏离的响应线。 Moreover, the environment plays a role in determining which behaviors at a given time are adaptive. Stimulation that may be average and expectable and adaptive in one context may become atypical in another context. Thus the adaptive response of the individual organism in one situation may come to represent a developmental failure in another. 此外，环境在决定特定时间内哪些行为是适应性方面起着作用。在一种情况下可能是普通的、可预期的和可适应的刺激在另一种情况下可能变成非典型的。因此，个体在一种情况下的适应性反应可能代表另一种情况下的发展失败。 Finally, the developmental process, not only in human organisms but in animals as well, never takes place simply in terms of the average and expectable. Rather it is elaborated out of the context of specific and individualized relationship in which the particular innate configuration of drives and stimulus sensitivities and response thresholds characteristic of an individual infant must be met and responded to by the highly individualized traits, inner needs, sensitivities, and response capacities of a particular mothering figure. Thus in discussing the vicissitudes of object relationships, we are concerned more with highly individualized and personalized dynamic interactions and responsiveness, rather than with general biological principles of adaptation. 最后，发展过程，不仅在人类有机体中，也在动物中，从来都不是简单地按照平均和可预期的方式发生的。而是从一个特定的和个体化的关系中发展出来的，在这个关系中，婴儿的特点(先天的驱力配置、刺激敏感性，以及反应阈值)必须被特定母亲高度个体化的特征、内部需求、敏感性、响应能力，满足和响应。因此，在讨论客体关系的变迁时，我们更多地关注高度个体化和个性化的动态交互和响应，而不是一般的生物适应原则。