Contribution of Aggression 攻击的贡献 It is specifically in this context that the contribution to the development of the self on the part of aggression can be best formulated. Aggression arises in the context of the need to defend the self from threatening impingement. If instinctual satisfactions and gratification create a feeling of goodness in the child, so that he becomes filled with a sense of trusting confidence and benign expectation, it is through the eliciting of aggression that he begins to feel within him a sense of what is bad or destructive. The mobilization of aggression in the service of the defense of the self, as has been clearly delineated in Rochlin's(1973) discussion, is a dynamic process that is continually elaborated throughout the course of the life cycle. Before the baby has differentiated his emerging sense of self from the world outside him, the language of self is not yet proper; we must speak rather in terms of discontinuities or impingements or(vaguely) threats to the symbiotic unity. 正是在这种情况下，攻击对自体发展的贡献才能得到最好的阐述。攻击是在需要保护自体免受威胁性侵犯的情况下产生的。如果本能的满意和满足在孩子身上创造了一种良好的感觉，使他变得充满了信任的信心和善意的期待，那么正是通过激发攻击，他才开始在内心感觉到什么是坏的，什么是破坏性的。在罗克林(1973)的讨论中已经清楚地描绘出，为了自体防御而发动攻击是一个动态的过程，这个在整个生命周期中不断地加以发展。在婴儿将他正在形成的自体意识与外部世界区分开来之前，自体的语言还不恰当;我们必须用对共生统一体的中断、侵犯，或者(模糊的)威胁来讲述。 The arousal of aggression in the service of the defense of the self creates certain internal problems. The aggression does not inherently become a problem until it begins to outstrip the reserves of narcissistic and structural buffering, which are available both within the internal organization of the child's psyche and in conjunction with the interactional resources provided by the parental interactions. To the degree that this aroused destructiveness exceeds the buffering capacity of these internal resources, the aggression becomes threatening and destructive and must be dealt with by a variety of defense mechanisms. The primary defense mechanism, as we have seen, is that of projection. 在为自体防御的服务中，攻击的唤醒产生了某些内在的问题。只有当攻击性开始超过自恋的储备和结构性缓冲时，它才会从本质上成为一个问题。自恋的储备和结构性缓冲既存在于孩子心理的内部组织中，也存在于与父母互动所提供的互动资源的配合中。当这种引起的破坏性超过了这些内部资源的缓冲能力时，这种攻击就具有威胁性和破坏性，必须用各种防御机制来对付。我们已经看到，主要的防御机制是投射。 Beginning with these first rudimentary projections, we have the beginnings of a separation within the child's inner world. Thus the origin of paranoid anxieties in their most primitive and undifferentiated form, lie intertwined with the roots of separation and individuation. If such primitively projected destructiveness is not successfully buffered—either internally or in the maternal interaction—and is reintrojected, it begins to serve as the nidus for emerging pathology. Winnicot(1958) has described this phenomenon in the following terms: 从这些初步的投射开始，我们开始在孩子的内心世界中分离。因此，偏执焦虑的起源，以最原始、未分化的形式，与分离和个体化的根源交织在一起。如果这种被原始地投射的破坏性没有被成功地缓冲——无论是在内部地，还是跟母亲互动地——并被重新内摄，它就开始成为新出现病理的病灶。Winnicot(1958)对这种现象的描述如下: In respect of the total environment-individual set-up the integration activity produces an individual in a raw state, a potential paranoiac. The persecutors in the new phenomenon, the outside, become neutralized in ordinary healthy development by the fact of the mother's loving care, which physically(as in holding) and psychologically(as in understanding or empathy, enabling sensitive adaptation), makes the individual's primary isolation a fact. Environmental failure just here starts the individual off with a paranoid potential(p.226). 就整个“环境-个体”设置而言，整合活动产生了一个处在原始状态的个体，一个潜在的偏执狂。这种新现象中的迫害者，即外部世界，在正常的健康发展中被母亲的关爱所中和，母亲的关爱在身体上(如怀抱)和心理上(如理解或共情，开启敏感的适应)使个体的主要孤立成为事实。就在这里，环境的失败使个体开始具有偏执的潜力(第226页)。(第226页)。