Internalization and the Self 内化和自体 Let us look at the role of introjection in development first. The notion of introjection, as we are discussing it here, is intrinsically related to and correlated with projection. Introjections are in varying degrees defensively motivated and begin their operation from the very beginning of the infant's experience. It is through the reciprocal functioning of introjective and projective mechanisms that the self is gradually established and differentiated from objects outside of it. 让我们先来看看发展中内摄的作用。正如我们在这里讨论的，内摄的概念，与投射有着内在的联系。内摄在不同程度上是防御目的的，并从婴儿经历的最开始就开始起作用。正是通过内摄和投射机制的相互作用，自体才逐渐建立起来，并与外界的客体区分开来。 In the very beginning of the infant's experience the process of introjection functions at a most primitive, inchoate, global, undifferentiated, and unselective fashion. In the earliest stages of development, in the context of the symbiotic relationship, such introjective processes are at work to preserve the rudiments of infantile narcissism and symbiotic omnipotence. As maturation progresses, however, the ground on which the child's narcissism is buffered and protected gradually shifts. The narcissism serves as the protective shell which guards against the destructive impact of unneutralized aggression within the symbiotic context. To the extent to which the dialectic interaction of introjections and projections in relationship to the caretaking figures fails to modify the aggressive element, the child will cling to the narcissistic protection. This has important implications for the emerging sense of self that the child acquires, since the inability—for the varieties of reasons we have been discussing in terms of the significant interactions with caretaking figures—to modify aggressive elements leaves him progressively with an impaired and deleterious sense of self. 在婴儿最初的体验过程中，内摄过程以最原始的、早期的、全局性的、无差别的和非选择性的方式进行着。在发展的最初阶段，在共生关系的背景下，这种内摄过程在起作用，以保留婴儿时期的自恋和共生全能的雏形。然而，随着年龄的增长，孩子自恋得到缓冲和保护的基础逐渐改变。自恋是一种保护性的外壳，在共生的环境中，它可以防止未中和的攻击带来破坏性的影响。在某种程度上，与照料者有关的内摄和投射的辩证相互作用不能改变孩子的攻击因素，孩子就会依赖自恋的保护。这对孩子逐渐形成的自我意识有重要的影响，因为由于各种各样的原因——我们已经讨论过与照料者有重要互动——无法改变攻击性的因素，使他逐渐形成一种受损的有害的自我意识。 Under these circumstances the process of separation-individuation is impaired and the child must resort to and increasingly rely on defensive resources. Thus in the normal course of development the processes of introjection and projection become modified in the direction of constructive influences, which elicit the growth potential of the child to the degree that they successively operate to mitigate and minimize the destructiveness of the inherent aggression. The critical element in this, of course, as we have already seen, is the extent to which the child, during the course of this process, is introjecting elements of unneutralized and unsublimated parental aggressiveness. Here the interdigitation of the child's introjections with corresponding parental projections becomes a vital matter. 在这种情况下，分离-个体化的过程受到损害，儿童必须求助于并越来越依赖防御资源。因此，在正常的发展过程中，内摄和投射的过程会向建设性影响的方向改变，从而激发儿童的生长潜力，使其逐渐减轻和减少固有攻击的破坏性。当然，正如我们已经看到的，这其中的关键因素是，在这个过程中，孩子们在多大程度上，内摄了未被中和和未被升华的父母攻击性元素。在这里，孩子的内摄与父母相应的投射相互交织成为一个至关重要的问题。 The outcome of these developmental vicissitudes can be varied. Where the titer of maternal destructiveness is too intense or the buffering capacity of the symbiotic narcissism insufficient, the child can be driven to a premature and precipitous separation of his self from the symbiotic matrix. Searles has commented on this matter as follows: 这些发展变迁的结果可能是多种多样的。如果母亲的破坏性太强，或者共生自恋的缓冲能力不足，孩子的自体就会过早地从共生环境中脱离出来。Searles对此事的评论如下: On the other hand, one sees patients who, to keep from being swallowed up in a chaotic symbiotic relatedness with a less differentiated, larger area of the parent's personality, cling compulsively to a defensive ego-identity founded upon identification with some part aspect of either mother or father. But if this person is to achieve in the course of analysis a much deeper and larger identity, the maelstrom which comprises both the vast bulk of the mother's "insides" and his own true potential self must, despite his fear of the "craziness" of regressive ego-disorganization, be braved and explored (1966-67, p.511). 另一方面，我们看到一些患者，为了避免被一种混乱的共生关系所吞噬，这种共生关系主要来自父母人格，并于父母人格分化较小，他们会强迫性地坚持一种防御性的自我身份，这种自我身份是建立在与母亲或父亲的某些方面相认同的基础上的。但是,如果这个人在分析过程中取得更深和更大的身份,包含的大量母亲“内部”和他自己的真正潜在自体的漩涡一定可以被勇敢面对和探索，尽管他害怕“疯了”(即自我丧失组织)(1966 - 67,p . 511)。 Such a precipitously formed self serves defensive motivations against the overwhelming fear of engulfment in the threatening symbiosis. Such a sense of self is indeed a fragile one which must be riddled with intense ambivalence, since, while it provides a protection against threatening engulfment, it also serves as an inherent limitation on the individual's developmental potentiality. 这样一个仓促形成的自体是为了防御压倒一切的恐惧而形成的。这种自我意识的确是一种脆弱的意识，必须充满强烈的矛盾心理，因为它虽然提供了一种保护，使人免遭危险的吞噬，但它也作为一种对个人发展潜力的固有限制。 The quality of the child's introjections, then, is a function of not only the projections which underlie and correlate with them, but is also strongly influenced by and reflects the quality of the child's object-relatedness to the significant figures in his environment. The child's introjective development is thus a matter of what the parents bring to the relationship with the child as modified and contaminated by the child's own inner projections. The introjective process is mirrored in the translation of object-representations into self-representations. I do not mean, as many authors seem to imply, that the introjection is simply a matter of such translation, but that the introjective process is reflected in such representational shifts. 因此，儿童内摄的质量，不仅是作为这些内摄的基础和与之关联的投射的一个功能，而且还受到儿童对其环境中重要人物的客体关联性质量的强烈影响，并反映了这种质量。因此，孩子的内摄发展是父母带到与孩子关系中东西的问题，这种关系被孩子自身的内在投射所修正和污染。内摄过程反映在将客体表征转换为自体表征的过程中。我并不是像许多作者似乎暗示的那样，认为内摄仅仅是这样一种翻译，而是说，内摄过程反映在这样的表征转换中。 The introjection is thus in the first instance a modification of the self. And it is around these progressively modified introjections that the self takes shape and undergoes its developmental progression. The introjections and their correlative projections have a primary reference to the self, rather than to the rest of the structural organization. This way of conceptualizing the relationship between introjective processes and the development of the self bypasses the language of ego-as-opposed-to-superego introjects. Introjections are essentially neither, but are applied to and have reference to the organization of the self as such. 因此，内摄首先是自体的一种修正。正是围绕着这些逐步修正的内摄，自体才得以形成，并经历着它的发展过程。内摄及其相关的投射主要是指自体，而不是指结构组织的其他部分。这种将内摄过程和自体发展之间的关系概念化的方法绕过了作为超我对立面的自我内摄。内摄本质上两者都不是，而是应用于并涉及到自体的组织。 Furthermore, introjections are always in some degree defensively motivated. By that I mean that they are concerned with the building up and maintaining of the self. This motivational concern is rooted in the child's basic narcissism, as it is equivalently rooted in the narcissism of the adult counterpart. Thus the workings of internalization through introjection are motivated by a need to sustain and build the substance of the self, just as the functions of projection at all levels of development and defense are calculated similarly to preserve and sustain the self. Consequently the motivational bases for processes of introjection and projection must be inherently narcissistic. 此外，内摄在某种程度上总是带有防御动机。我的意思是，他们关心的是自体的建立和维持。这种动机性的关注根植于孩子的基本自恋，就像它同样根植于成人的自恋一样。因此，通过内摄而进行的内化工作，是由维持和构建自体的需要所驱动的，就像投射在所有发展和防御层次上的功能是类似地用来保存和维持自体。因此，内摄和投射过程的动机基础必然是固有的自恋。 But what, we may ask, about identification? As I have indicated at length elsewhere (1971b, 1972), identifications and introjections must be regarded as quite different and distinct, although intimately related, processes which have their play in the organization of internal structure. The primary frame of reference for identifications as such is not the self in the first instance, but rather the psychic structure. Identification is an internal synthesizing process which may relate to the development of ego or superego or both in combination. Relative to the developmental phase in which it operates, identification functions more or less autonomously in the building up of internal psychic structure. 但是，我们可能会问，关于认同，它意味着什么呢?正如我在其他地方详细指出的(1971b, 1972)，认同和内摄必须被认为是非常不同和完全分开的过程(尽管它们是密切相关的)，这个过程在内部结构的组织中发挥作用。认同的主要参照框架首先不是自体，而是精神结构。认同是一个内在的综合过程，这个过程可能与自我或超我或两者结合的发展有关。相对于它运作的发展阶段，在建立内部心理结构的过程中，认同或多或少地自主运作。 The nature of such internal organizations is basically derivative from the quality of the infant's object-related experience and the rudiments of structural organization on which the identification process bases itself. Thus at the very beginning of the child's experience, which is essentially global and undifferentiated, identification processes have a very rudimentary aspect which would have to do more with the building up within the child of a sense of internal comfort and goodness which has been variously described, but which is closely related to what Erikson has described in terms of "basic trust." This statement does not imply an identity, but rather a relationship between such emergent trust and primitive identifications. The element of trust as Erikson analyzes it has more direct reference to the organization of an emerging sense of self, but the ego integrations which take place alongside it must not be lost sight of. 这种内部组织的性质基本上是从婴儿客体相关体验的质量和认同过程本身所依据的结构组织的雏形衍生出来的。因此在孩子体验的最开始(那时体验基本上是全局的和未分化)，认同过程有一个非常初步的方面，其与在孩子内部建立一种内部舒适感和良好感有很大关系，这种舒适感和良好感已经被做过各种描述，但与之最相关的当属埃里克森描述为“基本信任”的东西。这种说法并不意味着一种身份，而是自然产生的信任和原始认同之间的关系。正如埃里克森所分析的那样，信任的元素更直接地涉及到一种新兴的自体意识的组织，但与之相伴的自我整合一定不能被忽视。 This interdigitating of introjective and identification processes plays itself out throughout the whole course of development and the shaping of the human personality. Although identificatory processes can be elicited in other ways than through introjections—as for example immediately in terms of object-representations themselves—the interplay between introjective and identificative mechanisms provides the primary channel by which identificative processes are activated and elicited. Moreover, introjects have a varied capacity to induce or inhibit consequent identifications. In general, those introjections which carry within them significant amounts of unneutralized and destructive aggression tend to impede and distort the more autonomously functioning and selectively internalizing identifications. However, those introjections in which such ambivalent elements are significantly modified or sublimated have a significant eliciting potential on the identificative processes, which consequently contribute to the building up and strengthening of ego and superego resources. 这种内摄和认同过程的交织，贯穿于人类人格发展和塑造的全过程。虽然认同性的过程可以通过其他方式而不是通过内摄来激发——例如直接通过客体表征本身——但内摄性和认同性机制之间的相互作用提供了激活和激发认同性过程的主要渠道。此外，内摄有不同的能力来诱导或抑制随后的认同。一般来说，那些带有大量未中和和破坏性攻击的内摄倾向于阻碍和扭曲更自主的运作和选择性内化认同。然而，这些矛盾元素被显著修正或升华的内摄，在认同过程中具有显著的诱发潜能，从而有助于自我和超我资源的建立和强化。 The elements which are inherent in the model, which the parent brings to the parent-child relationship, can have tremendous significance in the implementation, or conversely, the impairment, of the child's capacity for identification. Thus, Searles has pointed to the significance of: 模型中固有的要素，也就是父母给亲子关系带来的要素，在孩子的认同能力的实现上，或相反地，在孩子的认同能力的损害上，可能具有巨大的意义。因此，Searles指出了: processes of the developing child's identification with the parent's individuality, or perhaps better described, his identification with the parent's courage-to-be-an-individual—and at the same time his acceptance of the fact that each of these parents has an individuality, an identity, which he cannot otherwise possess (except through identification) (1966-67, p. 518). 发展孩子对父母个性认同的过程，或者更好的描述为,他对父母“成为一个独立的人的勇气”的认同，以及同时他对以下事实的接纳：父母每个人都有独立的个性、身份，这些东西他(除了通过认同)否则不能拥有(1966 - 67,p . 518)。 Thus the child's introjection of the parent's self-trusting autonomy serves to elicit identificative processes which model themselves after the parental image and which thus contribute to the building up of trust and autonomy in the child's inner world. The elements of trust and autonomy that the child acquires in the first instance through introjection become an internalized possession and a consolidated ego-attribute through the consequent identification. It is also important to add that this internalized possession is not simply attributable to the ego, but becomes a shared property, in diverse and differentiated ways, of both ego and superego. Thus, in terms of the mature integration of ego and superego functions, the building up of an autonomously functioning psyche is a function of both ego and superego autonomy in different ways and with different perspectives. 因此，孩子对父母的自我信任的自主性的内摄，有助于引出模仿父母形象的认同过程，从而有助于在孩子的内心世界中建立信任和自主性。孩子最初通过内摄获得的信任和自助的元素，通过随后的认同成为一种内化的所有物，以及一种巩固的自我属性。同样重要的是，这种内化的所有物不是简单地归于自我，而是以各种不同的、分化的方式成为自我和超我的共有财产。因此，就自我与超我功能的成熟整合而言，建立自主运作的精神是自我与超我(以不同方式、不同视角)的自主功能。