Increasing Autonomy 越来越多的自主权 At this point, we shall confine ourselves to the consideration that a primary aspect of this latency development is the articulation and consolidation of a richer and more autonomous sense of self. The formation of the self is accomplished through the further elaborations provided by the mechanisms of the paranoid process. It is accompanied by significant degrees of increasing separation and individuation, particularly in the renunciation of Oedipal attachments and in the establishing of more independent and autonomous object-relationships with parental and other figures. 在这一点上，我们将把我们自己限制在这种考虑中，即这种潜伏期发展的主要方面是更丰富和更自主的自我意识的表达和巩固。自我的形成是通过偏执过程的机制所提供的进一步阐述来完成的。它伴随着显著程度的分离和个体化，尤其是在放弃俄狄浦斯依恋和与父母和其他人物建立更独立自主的客体关系方面。 The latency period is generally regarded as one of marked diminution of drive components. This aspect of the shift from Oedipal involvements to latency manifestations has been stressed by Anna Freud(1965). She writes: 潜伏期通常被认为是驱力成分显著减少的一个阶段。从俄狄浦斯关系向潜伏期表现转变的这个方面，已经被安娜·弗洛伊德强调(1965)。她写道: The manner in which drive and ego progression either cures or causes the developmental disturbances is displayed most convincingly at those transition points between phases where not only the quality but also the quantity of drive activity undergoes a change. An example is the extreme castration fear, the death fears and wishes, together with the defenses against them, which dominate the scene at the height of the phallic-oedipal phase, and which create the well-known inhibitions, masculine overcompensations, passive and regressive moves of this period. This cluster of symptoms disappears as if by magic as soon as the child takes the first step into the latency period, that is, as an immediate reaction to the biologically determined lessening of drive activity. Compared with the oedipal child, the latency child seems definitely less beset by problems(p.163). 驱力和自我发展，要么治疗，要么导致发展障碍，其方式在阶段之间的过渡点上表现得最令人信服，在这些点上，驱力活动不仅在质量，而且在数量上经历了变化。举个例子，极端的阉割恐惧，死亡恐惧和愿望，以及对它们的防御，在阳具-俄狄浦斯时期占据了主导地位，并创造了众所周知的抑制，男性的过度补偿，被动以及向这个时期的退行。一旦孩子开始进入潜伏期，这一系列症状就神奇地消失了，也就是说，这是对生物学上决定的驱力活动减少的直接反应。与俄狄浦斯期孩子相比，潜伏期的孩子似乎更少受到问题的困扰(163页)。 Some of the modifications in the internal economy which transpire in the transition to the latency period are thus contributed to by the diminution of drive components which correspondingly limits the intensity of the child's ambivalent involvement with the parental figures. 因此，在向潜伏期过渡的过程中所发生的内部经济方面的一些变化是由于驱力成分的减少而造成的，这相应地限制了儿童与父母形象矛盾关系的强度。 Other developmental factors are the emergence of ego structures which contribute to the capacity for tolerance of anxiety and for the mastery of greater degrees of both aggressive and libidinal instinctual impulses. Moreover the significant and relatively nonambivalent postoedipal internalizations serve to both bolster and organize inner structure—both ego and superego—and provide the capacity for increased neutralization and constructive exploitation of instinctual drives. Rather than being caught up in the intensity of instinctual impulses and the defenses against them, the child's ego is left relatively free to begin to explore the outside world, the world beyond the boundaries of the family, the world beyond the limits of his immediate experience. The child's capacity for dealing with disruptive instinctual impulses is greatly expanded and the repertoire of defensive resources is correspondingly amplified. The effect of these developing resources is to take the pressure off the basic maneuvers of projection and introjection as major defensive resources. Thus both projections and introjections become less overloaded with instinctual contaminants and can be increasingly enlisted in the constructive effort of internal psychic organization and structuralization. 其他的发展因素是自我结构的出现，这有助于这样的能力，容忍焦虑和掌握更大程度的攻击和力比多冲动。此外，重要的和相对不矛盾的后俄狄浦斯内化既支持又组织了内在结构——自我和超我——也提供了增强的中和本能冲动的能力，以及对本能冲动建设性利用的能力。孩子的自我相对自由地开始探索外部世界，探索家庭界限之外的世界，探索直接经验所不能及的世界，而不是被强烈的本能冲动和对冲动的防御所束缚。孩子处理破坏性本能冲动的能力大大增强，防御资源库也相应扩大了。这些发展资源的作用是移走把投射和内摄作为主要防御资源的基本策略上的压力。因此，投射和内摄都变得不那么带有过多的本能污染物，可以越来越多地参与到内部精神组织和结构化的建设性努力中。 In his discussion of latency development of ego structures, Sarnoff(1971) divides the period into two phases: the early phase, from six to eight years, and the later phase, from eight to twelve. The early phase is predominated by the child's preoccupation with himself. It is marked by inhibition of masturbatory activity, superego strictness and rigidity, unavailability of objects as drive outlets, and fantasies which contain amorphous and threatening monsters. The use of fantasy dominates the child's defensive posture, while reality is used only in a derivative manner as a guarantee of secondary autonomous functions. In the later phase, the availability of objects in the outside world increases considerably as a means of gratification. The fantasies become more human; instead of monsters and dragons, they are peopled with witches and robbers. Superego rigidity and strictness is modified so that the child becomes increasingly able to accept and integrate his instinctual urges and becomes more aware of his relationship to the world, his place in it, and the potentialities for future development. Sarnoff(1971)在对自我结构潜伏期发展的讨论中，将自潜伏期分为两个阶段:早期阶段从6岁到8岁，后期阶段从8岁到12岁。早期阶段主要是孩子对自己的关注。它的特征是对自慰活动的抑制，超我的严格和僵化，无法获得客体作为驱力出口，以及包含无定形和具有威胁性的怪物的幻想。幻想支配着孩子的防御姿态，而现实只是以衍生的方式作为次要自主功能的保证。在后一阶段，外部世界的客体，作为一种满足的手段，其可获得性大大增加了。幻想变得更人性化;那里住的不是怪物和龙，而是女巫和强盗。超我的僵化和严格被修正，因此孩子变得越来越能够接受和整合他的本能冲动，越来越意识到他与世界的关系，他在世界中的位置，以及未来发展的潜力。