Preoedipal Determinants 前俄狄浦斯期决定因素 Let us turn our attention first to the vicissitudes of Oedipal development. The Oedipal child emerges from the period of heightened negativism and the anally determined struggles over establishing the limits and scope of his burgeoning autonomy into a configuration of specific emotional involvements with the parental figures. 让我们先来关注一下俄狄浦斯情结发展的变迁。俄狄浦斯期孩子从高度消极的时期和肛欲决定的斗争中出现，这种斗争中是为他迅速发展的自主性建立限制和范围的，形成了一种与父母形象的特定的情感关系。 In terms of the scope and complexity of object relationships, the child emerges from a level of relatively divergent one-to-one relationships with each of his respective parents into a more complex configuration which is essentially triadic. It must be seen immediately that the quality of the triadic configuration must necessarily be a function of the history of significant introjections and projections which have qualified the child's relationship with both the mother and the father. Moreover, the quality of those introjective and projective processes will usually carry a differential emphasis with respect to each of the parents, so that the reorganization of introjections and projections as the child emerges into the Oedipal situation will be correspondingly subject to varying modifications and emphases. 就客体关系的范围和复杂性而言，孩子从与各自父母之间相对分歧的一对一关系中，进入到一个更复杂的格局中，其本质上是三元的。必须立即认识到，三元格局的质量必然是有重要内摄和投射历史的一个函数，这些内摄与投射限定了孩子与父母双方的关系。此外，这些内摄和投射过程的质量通常会对每一个父母有不同的强调，因此，当孩子进入俄狄浦斯期时，内摄和投射的重组也会相应地受到不同的修改和强调。 The child's maturation into a phase of libidinal genital organization is not simply a matter of the enactment of a genetically determined maturational timetable. It is in part that, but it is also responded to in significant ways by the parents, again in a specifically differentiated fashion. If the little boy's Oedipal interest in his mother becomes specifically genitalized and erotized, it is also reciprocally true that the mother's interest in the little boy becomes correspondingly erotized and sexualized. The seduction becomes an integral part of the sensualized gravitation which is a normal part of the mother's pleasure in and stimulus by the child's loving affection and interest in her, and is an important contributing factor to the development of a meaningful Oedipal involvement which can serve as the launching point for important developmental attainments. Similarly, if the little girl's growing interest in her father is increasingly erotized and genitalized, the father's reciprocating interest in and responsiveness to the daughter begin to carry an increasingly erotic and genitalized libidinal component. There is a normal range of experience within which this libidinal experience connected with Oedipal involvements serves as a motive-making power which serves to drive the developmental process in appropriate directions. 儿童进入力比多性器组织的成熟阶段，并不是一个简单的由遗传决定的成熟时间表的展现。在某种程度上，它也会被父母以一种特殊分化的方式回应。如果一个小男孩对他母亲的俄狄浦斯情结被特别地性器化和色情化了，那么母亲对小男孩的兴趣也相应地被色情化和性感化了。诱惑成为荒淫的万有引力的不可分割的一部分,这种万有引力是一个正常的母亲对孩子爱的感情以及对她的兴趣的喜悦和刺激，是一个对有意义的俄狄浦斯关系发展的重要的贡献性因素，这种关系可做为重要发展成就的发射点。同样地，如果小女孩对父亲日益增长的兴趣越来越被色情化和性器化，那么父亲对女儿的回报兴趣和反应性就开始带有越来越多的色情和性器化力比多成分。有一个正常的经验范围，在这个范围内，这种与俄狄浦斯情结相联系的力比多体验作为一种动机制造的动力，把发展过程朝适当的方向推动。 We are familiar in general with the alignments within the Oedipal configuration and specifically with both the positive and negative alignments which inhere in every Oedipal involvement. As Freud was insistent in pointing out, the child's Oedipal involvement featured not only a loving attachment to the mother and a rivalrous hatred for the father, but conversely also involved a negative and hostile feeling toward the mother and a loving attachment and yearning for closeness to the father. However, the balance of these attitudes in the child's achievement of an Oedipal equilibrium reflects the quality of the child's object-relations with respect to the parents in the pregenital levels of development. 一般来说，我们熟悉俄狄浦斯格局中的结盟，特别是每一种俄狄浦斯关系中的积极和消极结盟。正如弗洛伊德坚持指出的那样，孩子的俄狄浦斯关系不仅表现为对母亲的爱的依恋和对父亲的敌对性憎恨，相反地，还表现为对母亲的否定和敌意以及对父亲的爱的依恋和对亲近父亲的渴望。然而，在儿童实现俄狄浦斯均势的过程中，这些态度的平衡反映了儿童在前性器发育阶段关于父母的客体关系的质量。 For example, where the child's attachment to and dependence on the mother have been excessive, and where the maternal anxieties have contributed to this excessive attachment and correspondingly undermined the child's nascent attempts to separate and become more autonomous, we can expect the same dynamics to carry over into the more specifically genitalized relationships of the Oedipal period, so that the child continues to be excessively dependent on the mother and more closely attached. This would serve to increase the pressure of Oedipal wishes toward the mother as well as to intensify the titer of ambivalence within the Oedipal relationship to the mother. It would also serve to affect the relationship to the father, since the latter could be expected to become a more forbidding and hostilely perceived figure, in part due to the child's need to project aggressive impulses toward the father in order to preserve the closeness and dependence on the mother. Moreover, the underlying contribution of persistent separation anxiety would contribute to more specifically genitalized castration fears. 例如,孩子的依恋和对母亲的依赖过度,以及母亲的焦虑，导致这种过度依恋，并相应削弱了孩子的新生的试图分离和变得更加自主的尝试,我们可以期待相同的动力学在俄狄浦斯时期更特定地性器化的关系中的继续存在,所以这个孩子仍然是过度依赖于母亲和更紧密地依恋。这将有助于增加朝向母亲的俄狄浦斯愿望的压力，以及强化在对母亲的俄狄浦斯关系中矛盾心理的效价。它也会影响与父亲的关系,因为后者可能会被感知为一个更险恶的和敌对的形象,部分原因在于孩子的需要将对父亲的攻击冲动的投射出去，以对母亲的保持亲密关系和依赖。此外，持续的分离焦虑的潜在贡献将有助于更具体的性器化的阉割恐惧。 None of this, however, takes place in a vacuum of relationships with the father. The child's response to the father is not only motivated and propelled by significant contributions from the side of the persistent elements of the relationship with the mother, but also reflects a continuing contribution that has evolved through the history of the child's relationship with the father through the stages of infantile and pregenital development. Thus if the father in the early stages of the child's experience has remained aloof or has responded in ways which serve to reinforce or sustain the child's projected destructive and aggressive impulses, the Oedipal involvements will consequently be colored by an increased titer of aggression, so that castration fears will be intensified and the mechanisms propelling the child in the direction of a more pathogenic identification with the aggressor will be reinforced. This configuration in fact has been quite readily identifiable in any number of our patients, in whom the excessive closeness and anxiously preoccupied dependence on the mother have been complemented by a relatively distant and unavailable or even sadistically hostile relationship with the father. 然而，这些都不是发生在与父亲关系的真空中。孩子对父亲的反应不仅是与母亲关系的持久元素的重要贡献的刺激和推动的结果，而且反映了贯穿婴儿期和前性器期发展阶段的孩子与父亲关系历史的演化的持续贡献。因此,如果父亲在孩子经历的早期阶段一直是冷漠的，或者以强化或维持孩子投射的破坏和攻击冲动的方式回应，俄狄浦斯关系将因此染上增加了的攻击效价的色彩，所以阉割恐惧会加剧，推动孩子向更致病的与攻击者认同方向发展的机制将被强化。事实上，这种情况在我们的病人中是很容易识别的，他们过分亲近和焦虑地先占性依赖母亲，而与父亲的关系却相对疏远、不可得，甚至是充满敌意。