Paranoid Mechanisms 偏执机制 Thus these considerations lead in the direction of suggesting what can be denominated as a process of "adolescent paranoia." I am suggesting that such an adolescent paranoia is based on the working out of the specifically paranoid mechanisms we have been discussing—projection, introjection, and the paranoid construction—and that it provides an essential and integral part in the process of achieving a sense of identity which is so characteristically a developmental task of the adolescent period. I am suggesting further that even though these mechanisms are a continuation and a further expression of developmental vicissitudes, in the adolescent period they assume a specifically paranoid quality—more akin to the paranoid manifestations that we are more familiar with in the context of clinical psychopathology. 因此，这些考虑导致了一种可以称为“青少年偏执”的过程。我的意思是，这样的青少年偏执是建立在我们一直讨论的特定偏执机制(投射、内摄、偏执建构)的基础上的，这些机制提供了实现身份感过程中一个必不可少的、不可分割的部分，而身份感是青春期的一个典型发展任务。我进一步建议，尽管这些机制是发展变迁的延续和进一步表达，但在青春期，它们呈现出一种特别的偏执品质——更类似于我们更熟悉的在临床精神病理学背景下的偏执表现。 The adolescent unavoidably sees himself in some sense as the victim of parental restraints and restrictions. He must also to some extent see himself as the victim of social pressures and cultural constraints which require him to integrate himself with the society around him in terms of certain standards of behavior and values. It is the working of this adolescent paranoid process and its attendant persecutory anxieties which contribute significantly to the tumultuousness, the anxieties and rebellious turmoil that we have come to associate with adolescent concerns. It is terribly important, however, not to lose sight of the fact that such deviant and rebellious expressions—marked by the usual accompaniments of paranoid distortions such as extreme narcissism, defensiveness, rebelliousness, hostility, and destructive potentiality—are at the same time an expression of important developmental functions which are operating in the service of establishing and consolidating a sense of identity. 青少年不可避免地认为自己在某种意义上是父母约束和限制的受害者。在某种程度上，他也必须把自己看作是社会压力和文化约束的受害者，这些压力和文化约束要求他按照一定的行为标准和价值观将自己融入周围的社会。正是这种青春期偏执过程及其伴随而来的迫害性焦虑在很大程度上促成了骚动、焦虑和叛逆性的混乱，我们已经将其与青春期的关切联系在一起。然而，非常重要的是，不要忽视这样一个事实，即这些不正常和叛逆的表达(带有偏执扭曲通常伴随的特征，如极端自恋、防御性、叛逆、敌意和破坏性潜力)同时也是一种重要的发展功能的表达，这种功能是为建立和巩固身份感服务的。