The Self and the Ingroup 自体和小团体 Thus the defining of self and the articulating of its relationship—both under conditions of mutual rejection and under conditions of acceptance—are achieved in part through a setting of the self over against other communities, other groupings, other contexts of belonging which are defined in terms of their exclusiveness from the initial social grouping and in terms of their opposition in beliefs, values, attitudes, etc. 因此自体的定义和关系(在相互拒绝 和 相互接受的条件下)的阐明，是部分地通过将自体设置为反对别的社群、别的团体、别的归属环境来实现的。这些归属环境是通过它们从初始社会团体的排他性，以及对信仰、价值观、态度的反对来定义的[这是个递归定义啊]。 Thus the community which the adolescent shapes about himself is one which is built around a core of inherent values and attitudes, but which is likewise set in opposition to other such groupings. The adolescent in our society delineates and articulates his sense of identity as participating in certain specific groupings. He envisions himself as sharing certain common affiliations with different groupings. Thus he envisions himself as an American citizen, or as Jewish, or as Republican, or in terms of professional affiliations as a psychiatrist, or perhaps as a psychologist, or perhaps as a carpenter, or perhaps as a truck driver. 因此，青少年围绕自己塑造的社群是一个围绕内在价值和态度的核心而建立的社群，但同样是与其他这样的社群对立的。我们社会中的青少年通过参与特定的团体来界定和表达自己的身份感。他设想自己与不同的团体有某种共同的联系。因此，他设想自己是一个美国公民，或者是一个犹太人，或者是一个共和党人，或者某种专业从属关系，比如一个精神病学家，一个心理学家，一个木匠，或者一个卡车司机。 The important point that I am stressing is that such paranoid propensities make a significant contribution to the forming of ingroups, which provide the context for significant adherences within which the sense of identity can articulate itself and significantly maintain contexts of belonging and sharing which serve to sustain and confirm the inner sense of individual identity. The important tasks which confront the adolescent have to do precisely with his articulating his sense of self in terms of these complex social groupings—that is to say, that an integral part of the forming of an identity is the acquiring of a sense of belonging to certain specified ingroups, thereby defining oneself as opposed to and separated out from other social and cultural groupings which constitute the body of the outgroupings. 我强调的重点是这样的偏执倾向，对于小团体的形成做出了重大贡献，这样的小团体为重要的忠诚提供了环境，在这种环境中，身份感可以表达它自己，并意义重大地维护归属和共享的环境，而这又能维持和肯定个体身份的内部感觉。青少年面对的重要的任务正是用这些复杂的社会团体来表达他自己的身份感——也就是说，身份形成过程不可分割的一部分是获得一种对某个特定小团体的归属感，从而将自己定义为反对，并从其他社会和文化团体中分离出来，这些团体构成了外围团体。 The phenomenon is applicable in terms of social and cultural groupings, but it also has relevance in terms of the very personalized and individualized articulation of the sense of self as separate from and over against other selves. Thus in a certain necessary sense, an important task of adolescent development is that the adolescent set himself apart from, separate himself from, and posit himself in opposition to his parents or other significant caretaking figures. The adolescent revolt against parental restrictions cannot be seen simply in pathological terms but must also be seen as a way of making a significant contribution to the adolescent attainment of identity. This also applies to the adolescent exigency to revolt against all forms of authority. 这一现象适用于社会和文化团体，但它也适用于自体意识非常人格化和个体化的表达，即与他人的分离或对立。因此，在某种必要的意义上，青春期发展的一个重要任务就是，青少年将自己与他的父母或其他重要的照料者区分开来，并将自己与他们对立起来。青少年对父母限制的反抗不能简单地从病理学的角度来看，也必须被看作是一种对青春期身份成就做出重大贡献的途径。这也适用于青少年对各种形式的权威的强烈反抗。