Adolescent Alienation 青春期疏远 Alienation is a frequent and familiar part of the picture presented by adolescents in our culture. Adolescence is a developmental period of regressive disorganization hopefully followed by a progressive reorganization of the personality. This developmental progression allows the child to pass through the physical and inner psychic changes that are required for him to begin to approach his definitive role and position in adult society. But the adolescent is not really a part of that society; he is only potentially a part. He will only be able to integrate himself with the adult by forming himself to fit adult roles and by demonstrating to the adult community that he is ready and capable of fulfilling them. Only then can the adult community recognize and receive him. During the period of adolescent development, however, he remains outside looking in. There is a sense of estrangement which is embedded in the adolescent experience in our culture (Berman, 1970). It is an expression of what I have already described as "adolescent paranoia." 在我们的文化中，异化是青少年所呈现出的一幅常见而又熟悉的画面。青春期是一个退行的无序的发展时期，希望随之而来的是一个渐进的人格重组。这种发展进程允许孩子通过身体和内部心理变化，这些变化是他开始接近他在成人社会的确定角色和地位所必需的。但是青少年并不是那个社会的一部分;他只是一个潜在的部分。他只有通过使自己适应成人的角色，并向成人社区展示他已经准备好并有能力完成这些角色，才能使自己融入成人。只有这样，成人社区才能承认并接受他。然而，在青春期发展阶段，他仍然是旁观者。在我们的文化中，青少年的经历中有一种根深蒂固的疏远感(Berman, 1970)。这是我所说的“青春期偏执”的一种表现。 Helene Deutsch (1967) has pointed out the frequency of depressive affects in many adolescents. For many adolescents, the period is a traumatic one in their lives. They are confronted by the demands of reality, by performance standards, by adult competition for positions, awards, etc., which is often intense, and by an increasing realization of their own limitations. A crucial aspect of the child's capacity to adapt is related to the issue of narcissism. Promising children often come to the adolescent challenge with narcissistic dreams of accomplishment and glory, dreams that may have been fostered and prolonged by their parents, most often mother. Thus the infantile narcissism with its dreams and expectations and sense of entitlement is often prolonged into adolescence, and the inevitable disappointment becomes traumatic. An increase of narcissism is quite characteristic of adolescence anyway, but these particularly narcissistic adolescents were raised in an atmosphere of expectation generated by their mothers' excessive investment in them, in the hope that they would one day compensate for the mothers' own sense of disappointment and frustration. Helene Deutsch(1967)指出了抑郁症在许多青少年中的频率。对许多青少年来说，这段时期是他们生活中的一个创伤。他们面临着现实的要求、表现的标准、成年人对职位、奖项等的竞争，这往往是激烈的，并日益认识到自己的局限性。孩子适应能力的一个关键方面与自恋有关。有前途的孩子常常带着成就和荣耀的自恋梦想面对青春期的挑战，这些梦想可能是他们的父母(通常是母亲)培育和延长的。因此，带着梦想、期望和优越感的婴儿式自恋往往会延长到青春期，不可避免的失望变成创伤。自恋的增加是青春期的特征，但这些特别自恋的青少年是在一种期望的氛围中长大的，这种氛围是由他们的母亲对他们的过度投资所产生的，希望有一天他们能补偿母亲自己的失望和沮丧感。 To this basically narcissistic picture, alienated adolescents show an added feature. The narcissistic investment from the mother tends to undermine the position of the father as a model for identification. The mother's disappointment is often intensified and magnified by the failure of the father to measure up to her standards. The father is thus devalued. The child who is caught up in this process must therefore devalue the father in order to share the mother's dream and to gain her approval. He, too, devalues and rejects the father, and this devaluation is intensified during the adolescent period. The father is seen as weak, debased, worthless, insignificant, inconsequential. At a deeper level, the adolescent boy's resentment against the father is often due to the fact that the father was too weak to protect him from an often ambivalent dependency on his mother, as well as from an incestuous involvement with her. This underlying devaluation of the father often erupts in adolescence, even though it may have been there since earliest childhood. It becomes extended to the entire world of adults, including their standards and institutions. The adolescent rage against society and its values and its institutions can be rooted in a rage against the devalued father and all he stands for. 在这幅基本自恋的画面上，被异化的青少年又多了一个特征。母亲的自恋投资往往会破坏父亲作为身份认同模型的地位。由于父亲没有达到她的标准，母亲的失望往往会加剧和放大。父亲就这样被贬低了。因此，陷入这一过程的孩子必须贬低父亲的价值，以分享母亲的梦想，并获得她的认可。他也贬低和拒绝父亲，这种贬低在青春期加剧了。父亲被认为是软弱的、卑贱的、无用的、不重要的、无关紧要的。在更深层次上，青春期男孩对父亲的怨恨往往是由于父亲太软弱，无法保护他不受对母亲的矛盾依赖，也无法保护他不受与母亲乱伦的影响。这种对父亲的潜在贬低往往在青春期爆发，尽管这种贬低可能从童年早期就已经存在。它扩展到整个成人世界，包括他们的标准和机构。青少年对社会及其价值观和制度的愤怒可以植根于对被贬低的父亲和他所代表的一切的愤怒。 Thus the adolescent boy stands on the threshold of a world of adult standards and expectations. But it is his father's world. The devaluation of the father and the struggle against identification with the father leads to a rejection of all social commitments, all social values, all conventional roles, all responsibilities, and many of the forms of emotional relatedness with others that form the normal fabric of society. A similar problem confronts the adolescent girl. If she idealizes her father excessively, she runs the risk of devaluing and despising her mother, with an intensification of her penis envy and an impairment of a meaningful and constructive identification with her mother. She thus tends to reject and rebel against any conventional forms of feminine role or status, and strives for more masculine competitiveness and forms of accomplishment. The rebellious expression of these aspects is eloquently expressed in some of the Women's Lib phenomena. 这样，青春期的男孩就站在了成人的标准和期望的门槛上。但这是他父亲的世界。对父亲的贬低 和 反对认同父亲的斗争 导致了对所有社会承诺、所有社会价值、所有传统角色、所有责任的拒绝，以及对构成正常社会结构的许多形式的情感联系的拒绝。青春期的女孩也面临着类似的问题。如果她过分理想化她的父亲，她就会冒贬低和轻视她母亲的风险，加剧她的阴茎嫉妒，损害她对母亲有意义和建设性的认同。因此，她倾向于拒绝和反叛任何传统形式的女性角色或地位，并争取更多的男性竞争和成就形式。这些方面的叛逆表现在妇女解放的一些现象中得到了有力的体现。