Identity Formation 身份形成 The critical achievement of adolescent development is the sense of identity. The definition of self which emerges in late adolescence is a work of synthetic processes in the ego. Erikson has described the establishment of a sense of identity as a phase-specific achievement which involves the formation of a qualitatively new psychic formation. The formation of a sense of identity is more than a sum of childhood identifications. As Erikson describes it: 青春期发展的关键成就是身份感。在青春期后期出现的自体定义是自我综合过程的产物。埃里克森将身份感的建立描述为一项阶段性成就，其中包括一种质量上新的心理的形成。身份感的形成不仅仅是童年时期的认同的总和。正如埃里克森描述的那样: The sense of ego identity, then, is the accrued confidence that one's ability to maintain inner sameness and continuity (one's ego in the psychological sense) is matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others. Thus, self-esteem, confirmed at the end of each major crisis, grows to be a conviction that one is learning effective steps toward a tangible future, that one is developing a defined personality within a social reality which one understands (1959, p. 89). 因此，自我身份的感觉是一种累积的信心，这种信心即一个人保持内在的同一性和连续性(心理意义上的自我)的能力，与自己对他人意义的同一性和连续性相匹配。因此，自尊，在每一次重大危机结束时得到确认，逐渐成为一种信念，这信念即一个人正在学习迈向有形未来的有效步骤，这信念即一个人正在自己理解的社会现实中发展一个确定的人格(1959，第89页)。 Identity develops out of a gradual integration of identifications, but the resulting whole forms an integrated totality that exceeds the mere sum of its parts. Childhood identifications are subjected to a new integration in the adolescent remodeling which issues in a more final self-definition and to irreversible role-patterns which set the young person on his life course. 身份是在认同的逐渐整合中发展起来的，但由此产生的整体形成了一个整合的全体，这个全体超过了其各部分的总和。童年认同在青春期重塑中受到了新的整合，形成了一个更最终的自我定义和不可逆转的角色模式，使年轻人走上了自己的人生道路。 In the elaboration of these inner processes, it is essential that the emerging adolescent self be recognized and responded to in meaningful ways by the adult community into which he is growing and within which he seeks a place. Such a reciprocal response—an extrapolation of the mutual regulation or earlier phases of development—offers the emergent self of the adolescent a necessary support to enable him to sustain vital defenses in the face of the growing intensity of instinctual impulses, to consolidate areas of growing capacity and achievement with social roles and work opportunities, and finally to reorganize earlier patterns of identification in a consistent fashion and to integrate the new configuration with the patterns of role and value available within the society. Erikson has stated this complex aspect of adolescent development in lucid terms. 在这些内在过程的精化过程中，重要的是，正在出现的青春期自体必须得到成人社区的认可，并以被以有意义的方式作出回应，在这个社区中，他正在其中成长，并在其中寻找一个位置。这种互惠响应——对相互调节或早期发展阶段的外推——为青少年形成中自体提供了一个必要支持，使他在面临本能冲动日益增长的强度时，以社会角色和工作机会来巩固不断增长的能力和成就，最后以一致的方式重组之前的认同模式，并集成新配置与社会中可获得的角色和价值模式。埃里克森用清晰的术语阐述了青春期发展的这一复杂方面。 Identity formation, finally, begins where the usefulness of identification ends. It arises from the selective repudiation and mutual assimilation of childhood identifications, and their absorption in a new configuration, which in turn, is dependent on the process by which a society (often through subsocieties) identifies the young individual, recognizing him as somebody who had to become the way he is, and who, being the way he is, is taken for granted. The community, often not without some initial mistrust, gives such recognition with a (more or less institutionalized) display of surprise and pleasure in making the acquaintance of a newly emerging individual. For the community, in turn, feels "recognized" by the individual who cares to ask for recognition: it can by the same token, feel deeply—and vengefully—rejected by the individual who does not seem to care (1959, p. 113). 最后，身份的形成开始于认同的有用性结束之处。它起源于童年认同的选择性否定和相互同化，以及它们在一个新配置中的吸收，这种吸收翻过来依赖于社会(往往是通过子社会)认同年轻个体的过程，认识到他是必须成为他的方式的人，而作为他的方式的人被认为是理所当然的。社区一开始往往有些不信任，在认识新出现的个体时以一种(或多或少是制度化的)惊讶和快乐的方式给予这种承认。反过来，社区会感到被关心寻求认可的个体“认可”：出于同样的原因，它可能会感到被似乎不在意的人深深地拒绝，并有报复心。(1959年，第113页)。 In summary, adolescent development marks an advance in instinctual drive organization toward genital heterosexual position. The genital position becomes relatively definitive and irreversible. The libido is directed outward and the ego gains a new investment in objects. The turning to new love objects reactivates Oedipal fixations which must be renounced and resolved. The adolescent is thereby enabled to elaborate more mature and adult positions of masculinity and femininity. The ego gains in its capacity to organize more effective defenses and sublimations, to reach restitutive solutions and adaptive accommodations. These become aligned in highly individual and unique patterns which are gradually consolidated into an emerging character structure. Thus adolescent development translates the idiosyncratic constellation of drives and conflicts into more unified and integrated patterns of personality organization. The normal developmental process of adolescence arrives at a final integration in which the emerging pattern is subjectively grasped and more or less accepted as belonging to an inherently identifiable sense of self. 总之，青春期的发展标志着本能驱力组织向生殖器异性恋地位的进步。生殖器的位置变得相对明确和不可逆。力比多是向外的，自体获得了对客体的新投资。转向新的爱的客体重新激活了俄狄浦斯固着，而这种俄狄浦斯固着必须被抛弃和解决。因此，青少年能够精化更成熟和成人化的男性和女性的立场。自我获得了组织更有效的防御和升华的能力，获得了恢复的解决方案和适应性的适应。它们以高度个体化和独特的模式排列，并逐渐合并成一种新兴的性格结构。因此，青春期发展将驱力和冲突的特质丛转化为更统一和整合的人格组织模式。青春期的正常发展过程到达一个最终的整合，在这个整合中，形成中的模式被主观地把握，或多或少地被视为属于内部可识别的自体感。