Object-Relations 客体关系 One of the primary adjustment problems of the adolescent period has to do with object-relations. In the child's earlier experience his development was closely linked as we have seen with objects. In the earliest stages there was the crucial capacity for self-object differentiation. His optimal development in the first two years of life depended vitally on the quality of his relationship with his mother—on his trusting reliance on her mothering activities and on his emerging capacity to tolerate her absence for increasing periods of time. Object-relations for the preoedipal child are concerned with establishing meaningful and mutually rewarding relationships on a one-to-one basis with both parents. If the child has been able to accomplish these adaptive goals in the preoedipal years, when he comes to the triangular Oedipal involvements in which he must relate to both parents simultaneously in the Oedipal situation, his capacity to resolve these relationships and their accompanying conflicts is correspondingly improved. He can establish less threatening and more comfortable relationships with both parents by reason of a patterning of identifications based on the relative strengths of both parents. Even through the preoedipal and latency years the parents remain the predominant objects in the child's life—although the broadening of the child's object-relation involvement has begun even there. Teachers and other significant adult objects begin to play a significant role in the child's development. 青春期的主要适应问题之一与客体关系有关。在儿童早期的经验中，他的发展是与客体紧密联系在一起的，正如我们所看到的。在最初的阶段，有自体-客体分化的关键能力。他在生命的前两年的最佳发育主要取决于他与母亲的关系质量——他对母亲养育活动的信任的依赖，以及他形成中的对母亲越来越长时间不在身边的忍受能力。对前俄狄浦斯时代的孩子来说，客体关系是指在一对一的基础上与父母双方建立有意义的、互惠的关系。如果孩子能够在前俄狄浦斯期实现这些适应性目标，那么当他进入三角的俄狄浦斯关系时(在俄狄浦斯关系中，他必须同时与父母双方维持关系)，那么他解决这些关系及其伴随的冲突的能力就相应地提高了。他可以和父母双方建立一种不那么有威胁性，更舒适的关系，这是基于父母双方的相对优势的一种认同模式。即使在前俄狄浦斯期和潜伏期，父母仍然是孩子生活中主要的客体——尽管儿童客体关系的扩展已经开始了。教师和其他重要的成人客体开始在儿童的发展中发挥重要作用。 When the child enters adolescence, however, object-choice and object-involvement take a decisive turn away from the parental objects. The major developmental task of adolescence is the establishment of a capacity for heterosexual object-choice on a genital level. An essential part of this process is the renunciation of the primary objects—the parents or parental substitutes. The child must surrender the parents as its love objects. The changes in the quality of parental relationships which were brought about in the resolution of the Oedipal situation and the subsequent modifications of the latency involvement with parents must give way to a decisive renunciation. The necessary relinquishing of these important objects leaves the adolescent with a marked object-hunger. The abandonment of parental objects and the seeking of new and appropriate objects gives rise to important inner shifts of cathexis which strongly influence both object-representations and the representation of the self. There arises an inner lability of cathexis which makes the adolescent's sense of self all the more uncertain and confused. The adolescent's capacity to carry through his important developmental step rests on the extent to which he is capable of tolerating the insecurity and loss that is implicit in the separation from and renunciation of the parents as love objects. That capacity reflects previous developmental achievements. 然而，当孩子进入青春期时，“客体选择”和“客体关系”就会决定性地远离父母客体。青春期发展的主要任务是建立一种在生殖器层面上异性恋客体选择的能力。这个过程的一个重要部分是放弃主要客体——父母或父母的替代品。孩子必须放弃把父母作为自己爱的客体。与父母关系质量的变化(这种变化是由俄狄浦斯情节的解决和随之而来的潜伏期与父母关系的修改带来的)，必须让位于一个决定性的放弃。对这些重要客体的必要放弃会使青少年产生一种明显的客体饥渴。对父母客体的抛弃和对新的、合适客体的寻找，会导致精神投入的内部转变，这种转变会强烈地影响客体表征和自体表征。这就产生了一种精神投入的内在的不确定感，这使得青少年的自体意识更加不确定和困惑。青少年完成重要发展步骤的能力取决于他能容忍不安全感和丧失的程度，这种不安全感和丧失是隐含在与作为爱客体的父母的分离和放弃中的。这种能力反映了以前的发展成就。 During adolescence the libidinal economy becomes organized around genital impulses. Preoedipal and Oedipal attachments to parental objects are replaced by nonincestuous attachments to heterosexual objects. The transition from one phase to the other is attended by other shifts in instinctual alignments. The quality of object-relations shifts subtly and gradually from a need to be loved and taken care of to a progressively manifest need to love and take care of. The child's dependence on parental objects and relative passivity is gradually translated into relatively more independent self-direction and activity. The polarity of activity and passivity which was elaborated in earlier interactions with the parents reemerges in adolescence as one of the crucial issues that must be decisively resolved. The struggles over renunciation and finding objects as well as the crisis of activity and passivity provoke a recrudescence of ambivalence. The adolescent becomes overly sensitive to the currents of love and hate that are stirred up within him, and he may often vacillate confusingly and confusedly back and forth between them. He does this both with his relationships with his parents whom he both rejects and clings to and with his new found objects whom he both hungers for and reviles. The resolution of these conflicts culminates in the normal course of development in relatively nonambivalent object-relations and in an ego-syntonic balance of activity and passivity which consolidates into a characteristic pattern. 在青春期，力比多经济是围绕生殖器冲动组织起来的。前俄狄浦斯恋母情结和俄狄浦斯恋母情结对父母客体的依恋被对异性客体的非乱伦依恋所取代。从一个阶段到另一个阶段的过渡伴随着本能结盟中的其他转变。客体关系的性质微妙而逐渐地从对被爱和照顾的需要转变为对爱和照顾的逐渐明显的需要。孩子对父母客体的依赖 和 相对被动 逐渐转化为相对跟独立的自我导向和活动。在早期与父母的互动中被精化的 主动 和 被动 的极性，在青少年时期再次出现，成为必须决定性解决的关键问题之一。放弃和寻找客体的斗争，以及主动和被动的危机，引发了矛盾心理的再次爆发。青少年对在他内心激起的爱与恨的激流变得过于敏感，他可能经常难以理解地和困惑地在两者之间摇摆不定。他既在与父母的关系上这样做(他既拒绝父母又依恋父母)，也在与他新发现的客体的关系上这样做(他既渴望又憎恶这些客体)。这些冲突的解决在相对不矛盾的客体关系的正常发展过程，以及 形成一种特有模式的主动与被动的自我协调的平衡 中达到顶峰。 The intensification and reactivation of basic ambivalences regressively activate defensive processes for managing these conflicting impulses. Thus basic processes of projection and introjection come into play, and are potentially brought into the service of reworking the emerging sense of adolescent identity. This developmental potentiality, however, is both progressive and regressive. These defensively motivated operations of the paranoid process may be pulled by the intensity of defensive needs and the underlying conflicts into more regressive forms of resolution which leave the resulting identity more susceptible to Oedipal and preoedipal instinctual pressures. 基本矛盾的强化和重新激活，退行地激活了管理这些冲突冲动的防御过程。因此，投射和内摄的基本过程开始发挥作用，并潜在地为重新塑造青春期的身份感服务。然而，这种发展潜力既是进步的，也是退行的。这些防御性激发的偏执过程的操作，可能会被防御性需求的强度和潜在的冲突拉进更退行的解决形式中，这使得产生的身份更容易受到俄狄浦斯和前俄狄浦斯本能压力的影响。