The Sense of Identity 身份感 The formation of a sense of identity is a significant developmental achievement. It provides the developing personality with a coherent sense of its own individuality and a sense of both what it is in itself and in its relationships with the significant objects in the world around it. It is obvious that in a sense the issue of identity pervades all phases of the developmental process—specifically in terms of its relationship to the emergence and shaping of the self. But, as Erikson has so clearly articulated, the issue of identity rises to a characteristic crescendo in the adolescent period. This is understandable insofar as it is specifically within the adolescent context that the individual must define and delineate his identity now in broader and more complex terms which reach out to the broader stage of social interaction and cultural involvement. It is through his emergent sense of identity, then, that the adolescent individual achieves a sense of belonging and participating and sharing in the concerns and directions of the human community of which he is a responsible and responsive part. 身份感的形成是一项重大的发展成就。它为发展中的人格提供了一种对自身个体的连贯感觉，一种对自身以及它与周围世界中重要客体的关系的感觉。很明显，在某种意义上，身份的问题渗透了发展过程的所有阶段——特别是在它与自体的出现和塑造的关系方面。但是，正如埃里克森所明确指出的，在青春期，身份问题上升到了一个典型的高潮。这是可以理解的，因为特别是在青春期背景下，个体现在必须用 延伸到更广阔的阶段的社会交往和文化参与的 更广泛和更复杂的术语 来定义和描绘他的身份。因此，青春期的个体通过他形成的身份 获得了归属感，获得了他作为人类社会中一个负责任和反应良好的部分 对人类社会的关切与方向的参与感和分享感。 Such an emergence and stabilization of the sense of identity has a twofold component in it. The first is the shaping and stabilizing of the internal psychic resources which lend a sense of inner organization and stability of inner states. It is through the inner vacillation and cathectic shifts that are so characteristic of adolescence that increasingly the young individual must define a sense of persistent and coherent self-identity, which allows him to both sense himself and to present himself with some consistency and continuity to the world around him. But there is also another significant component. The sustaining of a sense of identity also requires that the individual identifies himself as a member of the community and in terms of which the community reciprocally identifies him as belonging to it and as having been accepted by and integrated in the community as such. 这种身份感的产生和稳定具有双重意义。第一个是内在精神资源的塑造和稳定，它提供了一种内在组织的感觉 和 内在状态的稳定。通过内优柔寡断和精神集中发泄的变化,青春期的特点,越来越年轻的个人必须定义一个持久的和一致的认同,这让他感觉自己和展示自己与一些一致性和连续性他周围的世界。正是通过内在的摇摆和精神投入的变化(这是青春期特有的)，年轻人越来越多地必须定义一种持久而连贯的自我身份感，这使他既能感知自己，又能使自己向他周围的世界表现出某种一致性和连续性。但还有另一个重要组成部分。身份感的维持还要求个体将自己确认为社区的一员，即社区互惠地将他确认为属于社区，已经被社区所接受并融入社区。 In this connection, Searles (1966-67) has brought this issue into focus in terms of the sense of identity regarded as a perceptual organ. Searles observes: 在这方面，Searles (1966-67)从被视为感知器官的身份感的角度来关注这个问题。Searles观察到： In the light of the foregoing concepts, one's sense of identity emerges as being, in a tangible and thoroughly dynamic sense, one's most valuable organ for perceiving the world. When this essential function of the sense of identity is grasped it becomes understandable why the fashioning of an identity seems to us so endlessly fascinating and significant. The struggle for identity is no mere narcissistic interest but, is rather—among its other fundamental significances—a struggle to fashion and ceaselessly perfect one's potentially most sensitive and reliable instrument for psychologically grasping the outer world. Man's identity enables him to perceive the world not merely by mirroring it, but, at a symbiotic level of relatedness, by literally sampling it through processes of introjection-and-projection (p. 526) 根据上述概念，一个人的身份感以一种有形的、完全动态的感觉出现，它是他感知世界的最有价值的器官。当我们掌握了身份感的这个基本功能，我们就可以理解为什么身份的形成对我们来说是如此的迷人和重要。身份的斗争不仅仅是自恋的兴趣，而是——在它的其他基本意义中——一种 形成和不断完善 一个人在心理上把握外部世界时 潜在地最敏感和最可靠的工具 的斗争。人的身份使他不仅能够通过镜像来感知世界，而且在一种关系的共生层面上，使他能够通过 内摄-和-投射 的过程 对世界进行采样 来感知世界(526页)。 Thus it is true in terms of a sense of identity that the individual achieves a feeling of belonging and participating in the world around him—particularly the world of significant human objects. Derivatively and by extension, however, the sense of identity is equivalently an organ by which the individual perceives and articulates himself within the broader contexts of social and cultural interaction. 因此，就身份感而言，个体获得一种归属感，一种参与感，并参与到他周围的世界中——尤其是那些重要的人类客体的世界中。然而，从衍生和延伸的角度来看，身份感同样是一个器官，个体通过它在社会和文化互动的更广泛的背景下感知和表达自己。