Definition 定义 The phenomenon of negative identity was first clearly denominated and described by Erikson (1959), As he saw it, it often expressed itself in a rather scornful or snobbish hostility to the roles and values which were offered to the individual as appropriate for his family or community context. This might concern any aspect of the context of social belonging, whether masculine or feminine roles, or class membership, or nationality, or religious affiliation, or whatever. The young individual reacts with contempt and disdain for the values and attitudes and beliefs that are embedded in such contexts. We have seen such manifestations of negative identity in all our patients—as for example the attitudes of Bob and Karen toward their Jewishness, or the attitudes of most of the females toward their femininity, or quite strikingly the attitudes of Fred toward a broad spectrum of social and cultural institutions involved in our own society. The issues of separation and opposition are often quite effectively displayed in such forms of pathology. 负面身份现象最初是由埃里克森(1959)明确命名和描述的，在他看来，负面身份经常以一种对 被提供给个体的角色和价值观 相当轻蔑或势利的敌意来表达自己，这些角色和价值观被认为是适合他的家庭和社群环境的。这可能涉及社会归属背景的任何方面，无论是男性或女性角色，或阶级成员，或国籍，或宗教归属，或任何东西。年轻人的反应是对植根于这种环境中的价值观、态度和信仰的轻视和蔑视。我们在我们所有的患者中都看到这种负面身份的展示——鲍勃和卡伦对他们的犹太身份，大多数女性患者对她们的女性气质,或相当引人注目的是弗雷德对我们社会中各种各样社会和文化机构的态度。分离和对立的问题通常在这种病理形式中很有效地表现出来。 As Erikson acutely and correctly notes, this resolution of the identity crisis has buried in it a powerful death wish against the parents, which expresses itself in explicitly paranoid form. But the estrangement from origins and affiliations rarely takes the form of a complete denial of identity or a total immersion of identity diffusion. Rather it finds a more subtle expression in the choice of a negative identity. Erikson (1959) defines negative identity as "perversely based on all those identifications and roles which, at critical stages of development, had been presented to the individual as most undesirable or dangerous, and yet also as most real"(p. 131). 正如埃里克森敏锐而正确地指出的，这种身份危机的解决埋下了一种对父母死亡的强烈愿望，这种愿望以偏执的形式明确地表达出来。但是，与起源和从属关系的疏远，很少以完全否认身份或完全沉浸在身份扩散的形式出现。相反，它从对负面身份的选择中找到了一种更微妙的表达。埃里克森(1959)将负面身份定义为“倔强地基于所有认同和角色， 这些认同和角色，在发展的关键阶段，对个体来说最不受欢迎、最危险、但又最真实”(p。131)。