The Role of Projection/Introjection 投射/内摄的作用 The presentation, however, as we have been at pains to articulate here, is not merely a matter of explicit designation or inference. It has to do more with the interlocking of projections and introjections which provide the psychological context within which the individual adolescent elaborates his emerging sense of identity. Erikson provides the example of a mother who, in her unconscious ambivalence toward an alcoholic brother, responds selectively only to those traits in her son which seem to flow in the direction of a repetition of the brother's fate. In such a case, the emerging negative identity elicited in response to the mother's implicit projections may begin to take on more reality for the son than any of his other attempts to establish his own sense of inner integrity and external acceptance. 然而，正如我们在此煞费苦心地阐明的那样，这种陈述并不仅仅是明确指定或推断的问题。它更多地与投射和内摄的互锁有关，这提供了一个心理环境，在这个环境中青少年个体精化他逐渐形成的身份感。埃里克森举了一个母亲的例子，她对嗜酒的兄弟无意识地的矛盾心理中，选择性地只对她儿子身上的那些特征做出反应，这些特征似乎是在重复兄弟的命运。在这种情况下，母亲的隐含投射所引发的负面身份，对儿子来说，可能比他建立内在完整性和外在接受感的任何其他尝试都更现实。 The classic expression of this in the clinical literature is the so-called "superego lacunae" described by Johnson and others (Johnson and Szurek, 1952: Giffin, et al., 1954) in the explanation of antisocial acting-out and delinquency. The phenomenon is particularly identifiable in the adolescent phase. In fact, the child acts out and expresses in his rebellious confrontation with expressed parental values the inner impulses and antisocial wishes which remain latent and hidden in the parents. From our perspective here, such an outcome is the result of the child's responding to the implicit projection which comes from the parent and which equivalently sets the terms on which the child not only introjects and forms the nucleus of his emerging sense of self, but also sets the conditions for the child's acceptance and belonging in the relationship with the parents. Thus the patient can form a negative identity which in varying degrees is set in opposition to expressed parental values and wishes, but at the same time can be responsive to unexpressed parental needs. 临床文献中对此的经典表述是所谓的“超我缺陷”，由Johnson和其他人(Johnson and Szurek, 1952: Giffin等人，1954)在对反社会行动化和少年犯罪的解释中描述。这种现象在青春期尤为明显。事实上，在反叛性地对抗父母表达出来的价值观时，孩子行动化和表达的其实是潜藏在父母内心深处的冲动和反社会愿望。从我们的角度来看，这种结果是孩子对来自父母的隐式投射做出反应的结果，这投射等效地设定了条款，在这些条款之上，孩子不仅内摄并形成其新兴自我意识的核心，而且 设定孩子与父母关系上接受和归属的条件。因此，患者可以形成否定身份，其在不同程度上被设定为与所表达的父母价值观和意愿相反，但是同时可以对未表达的父母需求做出响应。 But such a negative identity is often an expression of an underlying struggle with the introject (Greenson, 1954). This situation is particularly identifiable in the case of Karen, whose more or less delinquent sexual acting-out was directly an expression of her struggle against an underlying introjection of the maternal imago. Karen in effect set herself up to oppose, fight off, and destroy her mother's implicit values, but the necessity for the struggle was internally based on the fact that Karen had in fact internalized those very values. With regard to such a choice of negative identity, Erikson comments: 但这种负面身份往往是与内摄物之间潜在斗争的一种表达(Greenson, 1954)。这种情况在卡伦的例子中尤为明显，她或多或少的性行为化直接表达了她对潜在的母性意象的内摄的反抗。卡伦实际上是在反对、排斥、摧毁她母亲隐含的价值观，但这种斗争的必要性是内部地基于这样的事实，即卡伦实际上已经将这些价值观内化了。对于这种负面身份的选择，埃里克森评论道: Such vindictive choices of a negative identity represent, of course, a desperate attempt at regaining some mastery in a situation in which the available positive identity elements cancel each other out. The history of such a choice reveals a set of conditions in which it is easier to derive a sense of identity out of a total identification with that which one is least supposed to be than to struggle for a feeling of reality in acceptable roles which are unattainable with the patient's inner means.... At any rate, many a late adolescent, if faced with continuing diffusion, would rather be nobody or somebody bad, or indeed, dead—and this totally, and by free choice—than be not-quite-somebody (1959, p. 132). 这种对负面身份的报复性选择，当然代表了一种绝望的尝试，尝试在某种情况下获得一定的掌控，即在这种情况下，可用的正面身份元素相互抵消了。这种选择的历史揭示了一系列条件，在这些条件中，从总的认同中 那些最不应该被认为是认同的认同中 获得身份感，要比 在以患者的内部方法无法实现的可接受角色中为现实感奋斗 更容易……至少，许多青春期晚期的人，如果面临着持续的弥散，宁愿成为一个无足轻重的人，一个坏人，甚至死亡——完全自由地选择——也不愿成为不太出名的人(1959年，第132页)。 Thus there is an inner developmental compulsion to achieve and articulate a sense of identity—even if that identity need be a negative identity. But even that negative identity must be based on the necessary correlates of any acceptable sense of identity. It must be based on the dual elements of need for an enemy which the negative components of the identity complex often express in striking and dramatic terms, but also it needs the sustaining and reinforcing embeddedness in a context of meaningful belonging. Thus the negative identity in our alienated youth often seeks to confirm and support itself by an affiliation to rebellious outgroupings which constitute a counterculture often embracing deviant values and attitudes and defining itself by way of opposition to the prevailing social milieu and cultural context. 因此，有一种内在的发展冲动来实现和表达身份感——即使这种身份需要是一种负面身份。但即使是这种负面身份，也必须建立在任何可接受的身份感的必要关联之上。它必须基于双重因素，其一，是对敌人的需要的，身份情结的负面元素经常以惊人和戏剧性的方式将其表达出来的；其二，它也需要在有意义的归属环境中 保持和加强嵌入性。因此，在我们不合群的年轻人中，负面身份常常通过加入叛逆的外部团体来寻求对自己的确认和支持，而这些外部团体构成了一种反主流文化，通常包含了不正常的价值观和态度，并通过反对主流社会环境和文化背景来定义自己。