THE TRANSITION TO ADOLESCENCE 向青春期的过渡 The transition to the adolescent phase of development is marked by some of the most significant processes which contribute to the definition of individual personality. If the latency period can be aptly described as a period of relatively instinctual quiescence, the transition to adolescence must be described as a period of recrudescence of instinctual pressures. A variety of developmental changes are thus instigated which open up areas of basic conflict which remain as residuals of earlier levels of development and offer the opportunity for a reworking of those conflicts and their fashioning into a new and emergent sense of identity. The emphasis that I would like to make in the present discussion is that this regressive moment in the adolescent developmental process serves to reactivate and intensify the functioning of basic mechanisms of introjection and projection. These are in large measure responsible for the reworking of personality configurations which characterizes this period. Thus the paranoid process has a particular and special role to play in the working through and elaboration of the vicissitudes of adolescence. 向青春期发展阶段的过渡以一些最重要的过程为标志，这些过程有助于对个体人格的定义。如果潜伏期可以恰当地被描述为一段相对本能的平静期，那么向青春期的过渡就必须被描述为一段本能压力复发的时期。因此，各种各样的发展变化被挑起，这打开了基本冲突的领域，这些冲突仍然是早期发展水平的残留物，并提供了机会来重新处理这些冲突，并使它们形成一种新的和涌现的身份感。在目前的讨论中，我想强调的是，青春期发展过程中的这种退行时刻，有助于重新激活和强化内摄和投射的基本机制的功能。这些在很大程度上要对人格结构的重塑负责，重塑是这一时期的特征。因此，偏执过程在研究和阐述青春期的变迁过程中扮演着特有而特殊的角色。 The shift specifically in the use of projection from latency to early adolescent phases has been described by Sarnoff (1972). He describes this as a shift from projection associated with repression in the earlier phase to a use of projection associated with denial in the later phase. Sarnoff particularly notes that the latter form of projection, namely that associated with denial, is equivalent to the form of projection and displacement frequently involved in paranoid conditions. On the contrary, projection associated with repression, which is characteristically found in latency manifestations, follows more closely the pattern of phobia formation. We have previously discussed the relationship between paranoid mechanisms and formation of phobias. But Sarnoff's analysis makes it clear that the progression to early adolescent developments marks a definite shift more explicitly in the direction of a characteristic paranoid style of defensive projection. Sarnoff(1972)特别描述了从潜伏期到青春期早期的这种转变，特别是对投射使用的转变。他将此描述为从早期阶段与压抑相关的投射到后期阶段与否认相关的投射的转变。Sarnoff特别指出后一种形式的投射，即与否认相关的投射，与偏执状态中经常涉及的投射和置换的形式是等价的。相反，在潜伏期表现中发现的与压抑相关的投射，与恐惧形成的模式更接近。我们之前已经讨论过偏执机制和恐惧症形成之间的关系。但Sarnoff的分析清楚地表明，向青春期早期的发展标志着一个明确的转变，更明确地指向一种典型的偏执风格的防御性投射。 This shift in projection parallels a transition of the primary role of defense from fantasy and symptom formation to a role in the testing of fantasy against reality in establishing object-relations, along with the partial dissolution and opening up of the superego to cultural influences. In other terms there is identifiable a shift from id projections to superego projections. As Sarnoff (1972) notes: 这种投射的转变，与防御的主要角色 从 幻想和症状的形成，到 在建立客体关系过程中依照现实来检验幻想 的转变，以及超我的部分溶解和对文化影响的开放，是一致的。换句话说，从 本我投射 到 超我投射，有一个可识别的转变。正如Sarnoff(1972)所言: Through projection the superego is externalized. The child who attributes her formerly internalized commands to a peer or teacher stands the chance of acquiring an externalized ego ideal, with characteristics of the ego ideal of the new object. With reinternalization of the ego ideal (the projection-reinternalization is a dynamic, ongoing series of events) modifications of the superego takes place (p. 521). 通过投射，超我被外化。把她以前内化的命令 归功于 同伴或老师 的孩子 有机会获得外化的理想自我，这种理想自我具有新客体的理想自我的特征。随着理想自我的再内化(投射-再内化是一种动态的、持续的一系列事件)，超我的修改发生了(第521页)。 The transition to adolescence is marked by changes in bodily growth and an upsurge of hormonal influences. The onset of such changes is associated with an upsurge of instinctual pressures, so that adolescence is characterized by a reopening and a reworking of earlier developmental conflicts and fixations. The more marked upheaval of adolescence is to a certain degree anticipated in the closing stages of the latency period by more subtle and transient cathectic shifts. The preadolescent typically forms close and somewhat idealized friendships with same-sex peers. This reflects an intensification of already established latency patterns. The capacity, which is often developed in the latency period, for sustaining sublimated interests and work habits seems to become more fluid and variable. There is a confused and somewhat conflicted searching for different interests, goals, and sources of involvement, which reflects an underlying sense of dissatisfaction. These transitional shifts signal the onset of a developmental phase which promises to be considerably more active and tumultuous than the relative quiescence of the latency period (Blos, 1962). 过渡到青春期的标志是身体生长的变化和荷尔蒙的激增的影响。这些变化的开始与本能压力的高涨有关，因此青春期的特点是重新开始和重新处理早期的发展冲突和固着。在潜伏期的最后阶段，更明显的青春期剧变在一定程度上是由更微妙和短暂的精神投入转变所预期的。青春期前的孩子通常会和同性同伴建立亲密的、理想化的友谊。这反映了已经建立的潜伏期模式的强化。维持已升华的兴趣和工作习惯的能力，往往是在潜伏期发展起来的，似乎变得更加流动和多变。在寻找不同的利益、目标和参与来源时，存在着一种困惑和冲突，这反映了一种潜在的不满感。这些过渡期的转变标志着一个发育阶段的开始，这个阶段可能比相对平静的潜伏期更加活跃和混乱(Blos, 1962)。 The upsurge of instinctual drive-intensity at the onset of adolescence obviously presents the ego with a problem. Mastery of these instinctual drives and their derivatives is one of the major developmental tasks of adolescence. As a result of these increased drive pressures, there is induced a regression in ego-functioning which serves to reactivate basic unresolved conflicts from earlier developmental levels. The developing ego is thus presented with the necessity and the opportunity of reworking some of these underlying conflicts in a more thoroughgoing and definite way. There is thus the opportunity to undo earlier developmental defects and consequently remodel the psychic apparatus in more effective and positively constructive ways. Thus adolescence opens up the opportunity for new and more meaningful identifications which can provide a major direction and organization for these remodeling processes. 青春期初期本能驱力强度的高涨明显地给自我带来问题。掌握这些本能驱力及其衍生物是青少年的主要发展任务之一。由于这些增加的驱力压力，导致了自我功能的退化，这有助于重新激活早期发展水平的基本未解决的冲突。因此，发展中的自我面临着以更彻底和明确的方式重新处理这些潜在冲突的必要性和机会。因此，就有机会消除早期发育缺陷，从而以更有效和积极建设性的方式重塑心理组织。因此，青春期为新的和更有意义的认同提供了机会，这种认同可以为这些重塑过程提供一个主要的方向和组织。