Paranoia in the Family 家庭中的偏执症 There are several preliminary comments that can be made in turning to a consideration of family interaction in the genesis of paranoia. The first is that we are turning to a somewhat different level of analysis. Up to this point, we have been focusing on primarily intrapsychic and interpersonal factors to illumine the developmental process that lies behind paranoid processes. We are now turning to a level of intrafamilial analysis which is more social in focus than interpersonal. The emphasis on group processes and interactions, however, does not prescind from complex interpersonal processes and from the intrapsychic implications and impacts of group interactions. The processes at each level are mutually responsive to processes at other levels, but it is important to recognize that analysis of family group processes contributes a distinctly different dimension to our understanding. 关于偏执症成因中家庭互动的问题，有几个初步的意见可以提出。首先，我们转向了一个不同层次的分析。到目前为止，我们主要关注的是内部心理和人际因素，以阐明偏执症过程背后的发展过程。我们现在正转向家庭内部分析的层面，它更关注社会而不是人际关系。然而，对群体过程和互动的强调 并不排除 复杂的人际过程 以及 内部心理暗示 和 群体互动的影响。每一级的进程都与其他级别的进程相互响应，但重要的是要认识到，对家庭群体进程的分析 为我们的理解 贡献了明显不同的维度。 It was Sullivan (1956) who pointed out that the tendency to use transference of blame, which he regarded as the core of the paranoid process, was closely related to the degree to which paranoid attitudes and techniques had been current and accepted in the home environment. But he noted that even in families where paranoid activity was prominent, the impact on the child could be mitigated by the presence of someone in the family who calmly and reasonably questioned such projective maneuvers. Such an influence can have beneficial preventive effects on the absorption of morbidity. Other mitigating influences on the morbid impact of a paranoid parent can exercise significant effect. The presence of siblings can serve to alter the impact of the paranoid process. In one family in our experience, the oldest daughter was affected by the paranoid process in the family in such a way as to provide a protective and preventive influence for the second daughter who was not affected. A third daughter, however, in the same family was also affected by the family pathology (Meissner, 1970e). Sullivan also points out that extrafamilial experiences can have a corrective effect on the intrafamilial process and serve to modify the tendency to transfer blame. Extrafamilial experiences, however, can reinforce pathological patterns acquired in the family. 正是沙利文(1956)指出，使用责备转移的倾向(他认为这是偏执过程的核心)，与偏执态度和技巧在家庭环境中流通和接受的程度密切相关。但他指出，即使在偏执活动很突出的家庭中，如果家庭中有人冷静而合理地质疑这种投射性策略，对孩子的影响也会减轻。这种影响可以对病态的吸收起到有益的预防作用。其他减轻偏执父母的病态冲击的影响可以发挥显著的作用。兄弟姐妹的存在有助于改变偏执过程的影响。根据我们的经验，在一个家庭中，最大的女儿受到家庭中偏执过程的影响，从而为没有受到影响的第二个女儿提供了保护和预防影响。然而，同一家庭的第三个女儿也受到家庭病理的影响(Meissner, 1970e)。沙利文还指出，家族外的经历可以对家族内过程产生纠正作用，并有助于改变责任转移的倾向。然而，家庭外的经历也可以强化家庭中获得的病理模式。