Paranoid Style 偏执风格 We have tried to bring into focus some of the aspects of family functioning which have a bearing on the genesis of paranoia. Many of these mechanisms and patterns of interaction can be seen at their intensive best in schizophrenic families, but they also operate, often in more subtle and more modulated ways, in families in which the level of pathology is considerably less. At more pathological levels, these mechanisms can have disastrous consequences for the ego-development of the affected family members. But at less pathological levels, the consequences may be spelled out less in terms of deficits in growth potential and more in terms of styles of interaction and functioning. The paranoid style, therefore, can persist in the family structure without the emergence of frank clinical paranoia. There may be little more than an atmosphere of guardedness and suspicion which serves to more or less isolate the family and its members but which does not interfere with their capacity to function adequately in their life context. 我们试图把焦点集中到家庭功能的一些方面上来，这些方面与偏执症的产生有关。许多这种互动 机制和模式 在精神分裂症家庭中表现得最为突出，但在病理水平相当低的家庭中，它们也会以更微妙和更可调整的方式发挥作用。在更病态的层面上，这些机制可能会对受影响家庭成员的自我发展造成灾难性的后果。但在不那么病态的水平上，其后果可能会 更少地从增长潜力的缺陷 而 更多地从互动和功能的风格 来说明。因此，偏执风格可以在没有明确偏执症出现的家庭结构中存在。可能只有一种戒备和怀疑的气氛，这种气氛或多或少地使家庭及其成员孤立起来，但却不影响他们在生活中充分发挥作用的能力。 The paranoid style may in fact be expressed in ways which are more or less socially acceptable. Patterns of jealousy, envy, or prejudice are by and large generated within the family. As Allport (1958) remarked, prejudice is not taught by parents to the child, it is caught by the child from an atmosphere of prejudice in the family. But such paranoid aspects of family and individual functioning are well within the limits of acceptable and normal behavior. No one regards prejudice as pathological although it embodies many aspects of the paranoid style. Even further, paranoid elements can be displayed in the organization of belief systems, as we have suggested. The paranoid style within the family may be expressed in a form of religious conviction which may vary from intense and hate-filled bigotry to more or less rigid religious adherence. It is to this kind of stylistic expression and its dynamic underpinnings—within which the crucial intrapsychic mechanisms of projection and introjection are at work—that we must look for a better understanding of how paranoid responsiveness is generated. In this light, it is not difficult to see that a conjunction of influences may impinge upon the child in a family context which gives every appearance of reasonable and even successful adjustment, but which has the twofold effect of undermining his inner sense of security, worth and autonomy, and shaping his patterns of responsiveness—whether cognitive or affective or defensive—into a style of functioning which under the appropriate precipitating conditions may express itself in a clinically paranoid form. 事实上，偏执风格可以以或多或少会为社会所接受的方式表达出来。嫉妒、羡慕或偏见的模式大体上是在家庭内部产生的。正如Allport(1958)所说，偏见不是由父母教给孩子的，而是由孩子在家庭偏见的氛围中捕捉到的。但是这些家庭和个人功能的偏执方面都在可接受和正常行为的范围内。没有人认为偏见是病态的，尽管它体现了偏执风格的许多方面。甚至，偏执的元素可以显示在信仰系统的组织中，正如我们所建议的。家庭内部的偏执风格可能以宗教信仰的形式表现出来，从强烈的充满仇恨的顽固到或多或少的严格的宗教遵循。正是对这种风格表达及其动力学基础——投射和内摄这些关键内在心理机制在其中起作用——我们必须寻求对偏执反应是如何产生的更好的理解。因此，不难看出，在这样一种家庭环境中，多种影响的结合可能会对孩子产生影响，这种家庭环境使孩子似乎能够做出合理甚至成功的调整，但却会削弱孩子内在的安全感、价值感和自主性，并将他的反应模式——不管是认知的、情感的还是防御的——塑造成一种功能风格，在适当的诱发条件下，可能表现为临床的偏执形式。