Social Interaction 社交互动 Our analysis is focusing on the family as the unit of organization and action. We can view the family in terms of group processes and structures, rather than in terms of the interactions between individual persons. While we can speak of patterns of interaction within the family, we should keep in mind that the processes we are dealing with at this level are properly processes of the family itself. The family can be viewed as a system of social interaction. Processes go on in the family which determine the roles and functions which each participating individual assumes. One of the important processes which organize the definition of the family situation and the individual's place in it is what Goffman (1969) calls collusion. The family can form "collusive nets" or "collusive alignments," a coalition between two or more persons which is aimed at control of another person by manipulation of his definition of the situation. The collusion involves a certain hiddenness of communication which keeps the excolluded person in an unstable position. If the colluders were to reveal what they know and suspend their management of the situation, the excolluded person's definition of the situation would be discredited. If, in addition, he were to discover the collusion, his relationship to both parties would be undercut. Collusions are a normal part of social interaction and often are carried on in subtly implicit and unconscious ways. 我们的分析集中于家庭作为组织和行动的单位。我们可以从群体过程和结构的角度来看待家庭，而不是从个体之间的相互作用的角度。虽然我们可以谈论家庭内部的相互作用模式，但我们应该记住，我们在这一级处理的过程是家庭本身的适当过程。家庭可以被看作是一种社会互动的系统。家庭中的过程决定了每个参与家庭的人所承担的角色和职能。组织 家庭状况和个体在其中位置 的定义的一个重要过程是戈夫曼(1969)所称的共谋。家庭可以形成“共谋网”或“共谋结盟”，即两个或两个以上的人之间的联盟，目的是通过 操纵另一个体对情况的定义 来控制他。共谋涉及一定的通信隐蔽性，使被排除的人处于不稳定的状态。如果共谋者透露了他们所知道的情况，并中止了他们对情况的管理，被排除者对情况的定义将被怀疑。此外，如果他发现了这种勾结，他与双方的关系就会受到损害。共谋是社会交往的正常组成部分，往往以潜移默化、隐性和无意识的方式进行。 Such collusive definitions are important aspects of the individual's participation in the system. Virtual definitions are attributed to the individual by the conduct and expectations of other agents. There is also a definition of the individual which he himself enacts, and in some sense the external and internal definitions are mutually related and influencing. One defines the person in terms of his external influence and the response of others in the social system to him. The other defines the person in terms of his perception of himself and his projection of his self from within. The interaction between them defines his personality or character. As Goffman puts it: 这种共谋的定义是个体参与系统的重要方面。这种共谋定义是个人参与系统的重要方面。虚拟定义是由于其他人的行为和期望而归于个人的。个体的定义也是由他自己制定的，从某种意义上说，外部定义和内部定义是相互关联和相互影响的。前者是根据他的外部影响和社会系统中其他人对他的反应来定义一个体。后者是根据他对自己的感知以及他对内在自体的投射来定义的。他们之间的互动决定了他的人格或性格。正如戈夫曼所说: The individual stakes out a self, comments on his having done so, and comments on his commenting, even while the others are taking the whole process into consideration in coming to their assessment of him, which considerations he then takes into consideration in revising his view of himself (1969, p. 361). 个体下注自己，评论自己已经这样做，评论自己在评论(即使其他人在评估自己的过程中考虑了整个过程)，他会考虑这些因素，以修正他对自己的看法 （1969，p.361）。 The complex process by which an individual defines himself, even as the social system defines personal place and function, has to do with rules of conduct by which activities are allocated to individuals and are accepted by him as obligations or expectations. Thus the individual comes to make assumptions about himself which are correlative to his socialization in the group. By his behavior and social interaction the individual communicates these inner assumptions, thereby confirming or disconfirming their expectations and notifying them that he may or may not acknowledge and accept the place they have defined for him. 个体定义自己的复杂过程，正如社会系统定义个体的地位和功能一样，也与行为准则有关。根据这些行为准则，个体的活动被分配给个体，并被他视为义务或期望而接受。因此，个体开始对自己做出与他在群体中的社会化相关的假设。通过他的行为和社会互动，个体传达这些内在的假设，从而确认或否定他们的期望，并通知他们，他可以或不可以承认和接受他们为他定义的位置。