Maintenance of Belief 信仰的维护 The question that this raises in my mind is whether or not the persistence of religious groups in some sense requires the opposition of enemies in order to sustain and support itself. Like the process of formation of individual identity and a sense of self, as we have discussed it in terms of its developmental vicissitudes, a significant variable in regard to the maintenance of religious groupings and religious belief systems has to do with the extent to which such systems are sustained by the operation of paranoid mechanisms as opposed to more constructive and positive mechanisms. I have in mind here the discrimination between introjective mechanisms, as mobilized in the service of defense, and identificatory mechanisms, which are mobilized in the organization of personality in relatively more autonomous and less defensive ways. The ultimate mechanisms which affect the organization not only of religious belief systems, but also social processes in general, as we have suggested, lie in the realm of the internal psychic processes. The critical question, then, in this regard is whether individual adherents of the religious belief system have internalized the belief system of the group and its correlative value system in predominantly introjective terms, or whether the internalization has been able to organize itself on the basis of more autonomous identifications. It seems to me that at this point we can begin to glimpse with considerable impact the continuity that extends from the most basic levels of intrapsychic organization and the formation of structure to the broadest and richest realms of social and cultural development. 这在我看来提出的问题是，宗教团体的持续存在在某种意义上是否需要敌人的反对才能维持和支持自己。如同我们在发展变迁中所讨论的个体身份和自体意识的形成过程一样，在宗教群体划分和宗教信仰体系的维持方面，一个重要的变量与这种体系在多大程度上是通过偏执机制的运作而不是更具建设性和积极性的机制来维持的有关。我在这里想到的是内摄机制和认同机制之间的区别，前者是为服务于防御而调动的，后者是在人格组织中以相对更自主、更少防御的方式调动的。不仅影响宗教信仰系统的组织，而且影响一般社会过程的最终机制，正如我们所提出的那样，存在于内部心理过程的领域。那么，这方面的关键问题是，宗教信仰体系的个体信徒是否以内摄为主的方式内化了群体的信仰体系及其相关的价值体系，或者说，这种内化是否能够在更为自主的认同基础上进行组织。在我看来，在这一点上，我们似乎可以开始带着巨大的冲击窥见 从 最基本的心理内组织和结构形成层面 延伸到 最广泛和最丰富的社会和文化发展领域 的连续性。