Paranoid Process and Faith 偏执过程和信仰 A question that we can only touch on here, but which I think is of extreme importance and significance, is the question of the relationship between such paranoid processes and religious faith. Certainly religious belief, as we have already seen, provides the motivation for adherence to the belief system, but it is an adherence that is not based on objective evidence or evaluations, nor is it insistent on such forms of verification. Rather it is derived from and impelled by inner needs to which the belief system as a cognitive structure responds in meaningful and supportive ways. In the face of the greatest and most overwhelming uncertainties of life—particularly those that have to do with the meaning and purpose of human life and the inevitability of death—religious systems provide the context within which hope can be sustained and the ultimate despair mitigated. The ultimately narcissistic motivation consequently is quite clear. 我们在这里只能谈一个问题，但我认为这个问题极为重要，意义重大，那就是这种偏执过程与宗教信仰之间的关系问题。当然，正如我们已经看到的那样，宗教信仰为坚持信仰体系提供了动力，但这种坚持并不是基于客观的证据或评估，也不坚持这种形式的验证。相反，它来自于内心的需求，并受到内心需求的推动，而信念系统作为一种认知结构，以有意义的、支持性的方式对这种需求做出回应。在面对生命中最大的、最令人难以承受的不确定性——尤其是那些与 人类生命的意义和目的 以及 死亡的不可避免性 有关的不确定性时，宗教体系提供了一种背景，在这种背景下，希望可以得到维持，最终的绝望可以得到缓解。因此，最终的自恋动机是相当明显的。 In terms of the paranoid process, it raises the question as to the extent to which such paranoid mechanisms, particularly the elements of introjection, projection, and paranoid construction, enter into and form an essential part of the faith process. Is religious faith, then, in the sense of the motivated adherence to a religious belief system, an expression of essentially paranoid dynamics? Can a religious faith consequently be regarded as another adaptive manifestation of the paranoid process—one which is consequently subject to the pressure of narcissistic demands and can readily be distorted in the direction of religious fanaticism as a more pathological expression of the same mechanisms? 就偏执过程而言，它提出了这样一个问题：这种偏执机制，特别是内摄、投射和偏执建构等元素，在多大程度上进入信仰过程，并构成信仰过程的一个重要部分。那么，从对宗教信仰体系的有目的的坚持的意义上说，宗教信仰是否实质是偏执动力学的表达？宗教信仰是否可以因此被视为偏执过程的另一种适应性表现——它因此受到自恋要求的压力，并很容易被扭曲到宗教狂热的方向，作为同样机制的一种更病态的表现？ The question, it seems to me, is quite parallel to the problem of ideologies, which form the more or less secularized belief systems that are built into political and social systems. The ideology is a cognitive system which can serve as a principal guide for the action of the social group, but can also become the radicalized and fanaticized creed, which becomes the vehicle of the more distorting and pathological paranoid influences within the group. In these instances, as in all forms of social organization and group formation, the paranoid mechanisms operate to develop a paranoid construction which serves as a mythology, an ideology, or a belief system, and which serves to articulate certain basic values and attitudes and criteria of adherence which guide the group's life and which dictate the course of its decisions and actions. 在我看来，这个问题与意识形态问题颇为相似，意识形态形成了或多或少世俗化的信仰体系，这些信仰体系建立在政治和社会系统中。意识形态是一种认知体系，它可以作为社会群体行动的主要指南，但也可以成为激进化和狂热化的信条，成为群体内部更扭曲和病态偏执影响的载体。在这些情况下，如同在所有形式的社会组织和群体形成中一样，偏执机制运作起来，形成一种偏执建构，作为一种神话、一种意识形态或一种信仰体系，它的作用是阐明某些基本的价值观、态度以及坚持的标准，这些价值观、态度和标准指导着群体的生活，决定着群体的决定和行动的方向。 In any form of social organization, therefore, where the motivating forces which dictate and reinforce the belief system are mitigated, we must seriously take into account the effects on the life and vitality of the group. This applies not merely to religious belief systems as we have suggested, but to all forms of social organization and their respective forms of belief. The conflicting ideologies of capitalism and communism are a ready case in point. The extent to which mutually exclusive and antagonistic paranoid attitudes must be reciprocally generated within each group as a means of sustaining and reinforcing their respective ideologies is a real and problematic question. 因此，在任何形式的社会组织中，如果决定和加强信仰体系的动力被削弱，我们就必须认真考虑对群体的生命和活力的影响。这不仅适用于我们所提出的宗教信仰体系，而且适用于所有社会组织形式及其各自的信仰形式。资本主义和共产主义的冲突意识形态就是一个现成的例子。作为维持和加强各自意识形态的手段，在多大程度上必须在每个群体内相互产生 彼此排斥和敌对的偏执态度，这是一个现实的、难以解决的问题。