Paranoid Process and Social Adaptation 偏执过程和社会适应 In all of these instances and many more that we cannot take the occasion to discuss here, society organizes itself into a variety of groupings and structures which are based on and organized around discriminable differences and which bring into play the operations of the paranoid process. The paranoid process functions not only to define and consolidate such groupings, but to provide the basic psychic conditions in terms of which the group processes work themselves out and through which the interaction between groups on various levels is determined and qualified. Thus the functioning of the paranoid process in its various manifestations becomes an essential dimension in the organization and maintenance of such social groupings. 在所有这些情况下，以及我们无法在此讨论的更多情况下，社会将自己组织成各种群组划分和结构，这些群组划分和结构以可区分的差异为基础并围绕这些差异组织起来，并使偏执进程的运作发挥作用。偏执过程的功能不仅是界定和巩固这种群组划分，而且提供了基本的心理条件，在这种条件下，群组过程自身得以运作，并通过这种条件来决定和限定各个层次的群组之间的互动。因此，偏执过程的各种表现形式的运作成为组织和维持这种社会群组划分的一个重要方面。 If, as we have been at pains to point out, such social organization serves the interests of sustaining and integrating individual identities, we must also not lose sight of the fact that such groupings and the working through of social processes have an important role to play in the maintaining of social order and in the working out of social adaptations. Social processes are by no means fixed or static in nature. They are rather processes of dynamic tension and change, in which progressive social adaptations and structural modifications are continually being elaborated and worked through by means of the oppositional tension created between relevant social groupings. In the context of a dynamic and changing social structure, a reasonable and manageable degree of confrontation and social struggle is not only avoidable, but is indeed a necessary and optimal condition for the functioning of social processes. 如果说，正如我们不厌其烦地指出的那样，这种社会组织有利于维持和整合个人身份，那么，我们也不能忽视这样一个事实，即这种群组划分和社会进程的运作在维持社会秩序和实现社会适应方面发挥着重要作用。社会过程在本质上决不是固定或静止的。它们是一个动态的紧张和变化的过程，在这个过程中，通过相关社会群组划分之间产生的对立紧张关系，逐步的社会适应和结构调整 不断地被完善和实施。在动态变化的社会结构环境中，合理的、可控程度的对抗和社会斗争不仅是不可以避免的，而且确实是社会过程运作的必要和最佳条件。 The functioning of the paranoid process within such a social system provides the dynamic underpinning and motivating force which maintains social processes in a state of continual tension and dynamic opposition. The dynamic operation of such processes and their contribution to the working through of social problems can be seen perhaps most vividly in our own time in the civil rights confrontations of the last decade. The operation of paranoid mechanisms not only serves to promote and sustain a sense of black identity and purposeful striving, which makes a significant contribution to the elevation of black self-esteem, but it also brings into meaningful conflict the tension of rights and values which is a much broader and significant social issue that the body of society must face, work through, and resolve. Thus the working of these mechanisms makes a significant contribution to the continuing process of social adaptation. 偏执进程在这种社会系统中的运作提供了动态的基础和动力，使社会过程处于持续的紧张和动态的对立状态。这种过程的动态运作及其对解决社会问题的贡献，在我们自己的时代也许可以从过去十年的民权对抗中最生动地看到。偏执机制的运行不仅有利于促进和维持黑人的身份认同感和有目的的奋斗感，这对黑人自尊的提升做出了重要贡献，而且还使权利与价值的紧张关系发生了有意义的冲突，而权利与价值的紧张关系是社会主体必须面对、努力克服和解决的一个更为广泛和重要的社会问题。因此，这些机制的运作对社会适应的持续过程做出了重大贡献。 The danger as always in the operation of such paranoid mechanisms is that the same mechanisms which can be seen to serve such adaptive purposes can also be turned to the uses of destructive interference with the working of social structures. Thus the working of such processes in the political and social orders can lead to revolution, which may serve the purposes of destruction rather than adaptation. However, even here, one must ask the question as to whether the revolutionary outcome itself is destructive or not. Such a question is not always easily answered. Certainly one could in historical retrospect feel that the American Revolution was in large part an adaptive expression of the functioning of these mechanisms. But what should one say about the French Revolution, or the Russian Revolution, or even in our own time the Chinese Revolution? 这种偏执机制运作的危险始终是，可被视为服务于这种适应性目的的机制也可转而用于破坏性地干扰社会结构的运作。因此，这种过程在政治和社会秩序中的运作可能会导致革命，而革命的目的可能是破坏而不是适应。然而，即使在这里，人们也必须提出一个问题，即革命结果本身是否具有破坏性。这样的问题并不总是容易回答。当然，人们在历史回顾中可以感到，美国革命在很大程度上是这些机制运作的适应性表现。但是，对于法国革命，或者俄国革命，甚至在我们这个时代的中国革命，又该怎么说呢？ One could argue, it seems to me, that in some degree in each of these instances important adaptive functions were served even by the revolutionary outcome. In any case, in all of these instances, we have ample evidence of the operation of the paranoid process. In the case of the revolutionary outcomes, what is most striking is that such an outcome is the product not only of the operation of paranoid mechanisms on the side of those perpetrating the revolution, but it is met by and responded to by equally distorting and destructive manifestations of the operation of the paranoid process on the part of the established regime. It is in the clash of these paranoid propensities that the emergence of potential destructiveness is realized. 在我看来，人们可以说，在这些例子中，每一个例子在某种程度上都有重要的适应功能，甚至革命的结果也是如此。无论如何，在所有这些事例中，我们都有充分的证据表明偏执过程的运作。就革命结果而言，最引人注目的是，这种结果不仅是实施革命者一方的偏执机制运作的产物，而且它还受到既定政权一方的偏执过程运作的同样扭曲和破坏性表现的满足和回应。正是在这些偏执倾向的冲突中，潜在破坏性的出现才得以实现。