Adaptive Aspects 适应性方面 While the paranoid aspects of these situations are relatively transparent and easily identifiable, we want to keep in focus the adaptive aspects which also serve in important ways to sustain these processes. In this regard we must remind ourselves that there is a twofold aspect to the formation of any social grouping. The first is the rewards which accrue to the individual by reason of his affiliation to the group. There is a sense of acceptance and belonging: there is an affiliation to a certain set of values which are esteemed and accorded regard within the community. By assimilating and adopting as well as internalizing these values, therefore, the individual aggregates himself to the community and thus assimilates to himself some of the esteem and sense of value that are derived from and inherent in the community. 虽然这些情境的偏执方面相对透明和容易辨认，但我们要重点关注适应性方面，这些方面也是维持这些进程的重要途径。在这方面，我们必须提醒自己，任何社会群体的形成都有两个方面。第一个方面是个体因加入群体而获得的回报。有一种被接受和归属感：有一种对某套价值的归属感，这些价值在社会中受到推崇和重视。因此，通过吸收和采纳以及内化这些价值，个体将自己与群体联系在一起，从而使自己吸收了从群体中产生的和固有的一些尊重和价值感。 But this is apparently not enough. There is another aspect of group formation which must not be lost sight of. And that is that the sustaining of the integrity and strength of the group requires in some part that it set itself over against an enemy. This is specifically where the paranoid mechanisms come into play. In a sense the group needs an enemy in order to bolster its own inner resources and to maintain its own inner sense of value and purposiveness. One sees this often in the clinical setting with patients who alternate between a sense of superiority and depressive inferiority—something that we have seen frequently in our own paranoid patients. It is as though one sustains a meaningful sense of self in some part by putting down and devaluating others around oneself. A similar mechanism operates at the group level. There the group helps to sustain itself by idealizing its own values and setting them over against and in conflict with the lesser and denigrated values of other groups. Furthermore, the dynamics of the situation will not tolerate a mere appraisal in terms of greater-or-lesser or more-or-less, but the narcissistic basis on which the process operates demands a logic of extremes, in which there is a tendency for all value to be inherent in the ingroup and no value or negative value to be inherent elsewhere. The natural extension of this logic is to set the respective value systems in opposition and to regard them as mutually exclusive and destructive. Thus what is in question here is not merely differences in degree but narcissistically derived need for enemies. 但这显然是不够的。不能忽视团体组建的另一个方面。那就是，要维持团体的完整性和力量，在某种程度上要求团体将自己置于敌人之上。这就是偏执机制具体发挥作用的地方。从某种意义上说，群体需要一个敌人来支撑自己的内在资源，维持自己内在的价值感和目的性。在临床上经常可以看到这样的情况，有的患者在优越感和抑郁自卑之间交替出现——这也是我们在自己的偏执患者身上经常看到的。就好像一个个体通过批评和贬低自己周围的其他人，在某种程度上维持着有意义的自体意识。一个类似的机制在群体层面运作。在那里，群体通过将自己的价值理想化，并将其与其他群体的较小的和被贬低的价值相对抗和冲突，来帮助维持自己。此外，情境的动力学不会容忍单纯的评价，即或大或小或多或少的评价，但这一过程运作的自恋基础要求一种极端的逻辑，在这种逻辑中有种倾向，即所有的价值都与生俱来在群体内，而在其他地方则与生俱来没有价值或只有负面价值。这种逻辑的自然延伸就是将各自的价值体系对立起来，并将它们视为相互排斥和破坏性的。因此，这里的问题不仅仅是程度上的差异，而是自恋地衍生出对敌人的需要。 The existence of the enemy and the threat he poses has an indirect but beneficial effect within the ingroup. The threat posed by the enemy forces the members of the ingroup to value all the more intently and fanatically what the group stands for and to commit themselves all the more convincingly to the purposes and values to which it directs itself. Thus the more strongly the enemy confronts and attempts to undermine the group, the more powerful is the inner impulse to defend and cherish and adhere to what the group represents. This is an applicable principle in analogous ways at all levels of the human experience of social and political groupings. It applies just as truly in labor-management negotiations, where the attempts of management representatives to undermine and put the union at risk in some manner, calls for a countering impulse within the ranks of the union to adhere all the more desperately and fanatically to their purposes and intents. 敌人的存在及其构成的威胁在小团体内部产生间接但有益的影响。敌人构成的威胁迫使小团体成员更加强烈和狂热地珍视群体所代表的东西，更加令人信服地致力于群体的宗旨和价值。因此，敌人越是强烈地对抗和企图破坏群体，捍卫、珍惜和坚持群体所代表的东西的内在冲动就越强烈。这个原则以类似的方式可适用于社会和政治群体划分的人类经验的各个层面。它同样适用于劳资谈判，在谈判中，管理层代表企图以某种方式破坏和危及工会，这就要求工会内部有一种反击的冲动，即更加拼命和狂热地坚持他们的宗旨和意图。 The more the Arab states pose a threat to the existence of Israel, the more intense is the need for Israeli adherents to promote with fanatical and unremitting and uncompromising zeal the rights and prerogatives of the Israeli state. From this point of view, with regard to the Israeli situation, one might even think that the fanatical opposition of the Arab states to the existence of the state of Israel may in fact do Israel a great service. It calls forth a fanatical dedication and resolve, not only on the part of Israelis, who live and hold citizenship in the embattled state, but also in Jewish adherents whose numbers count in the many millions spread over the face of the globe. The mobilization of resources in the face of such adversity is a spin-off of the paranoid process at work. 阿拉伯国家对以色列的存在越是构成威胁，以色列的追随者就越需要以狂热、不懈和不妥协的热情促进以色列国的权利和特权。从这个角度看，就以色列的情况而言，人们甚至可以认为，阿拉伯国家狂热地反对以色列国的存在，实际上可能对以色列有很大的帮助。它不仅唤起了生活在这个受围攻的国家并拥有公民身份的以色列人的狂热献身精神和决心，而且也唤起了遍布全球各地的数以百万计的犹太信徒的狂热献身精神和决心。在这种逆境下调动资源，是偏执进程的副产品。